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除草剂在农业生产中必不可少,其中阿特拉津(C8H14ClN5,atrazine,ATZ)就是使用最广泛的氯类除草剂之一[1]。阿特拉津非常稳定,会污染土壤和水环境[2],从而影响生态系统并对人类构成健康风险。欧盟在2003年就禁止了阿特拉津,但在中国、巴西和伊朗等发展中国家仍广泛使用[3]。目前,我国在河流、湖泊和水库中陆续检出到阿特拉津,并表现出逐年增加的趋势[4]。由于阿特拉津及其代谢产物毒性大,传统的处理技术如吸附和生化处理难以将其有效去除[1,4]。以臭氧催化氧化法和Fenton/类Fenton氧化法为代表的高级氧化法虽然能有效地氧化ATZ,但臭氧产生成本高,实际利用率低,Fenton/类Fenton氧化法pH范围小,反应过程中产生大量污泥[1,5]。因此,迫切需要研究更高效的处理方法。
近年来,由于SO4·−具有极高的氧化-还原电位(2.50~3.10 eV,HO·为1.89~2.72 eV)、相对较长的半衰期(30~40 μs,HO·为20 ns)和广泛的pH适用范围(2~8)[6-8],基于SO4·−的催化氧化技术已成为极富希望的处理方法[9-10]。由于过一硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate, PMS)非均相催化剂主要以过渡金属氧化物为主,其中以氧化钴的催化效率最高[11-12],但不够稳定,浸出的钴离子可能对环境有害[13]。为克服这一问题,最有效的方法之一是制备钙钛矿结构的钴基催化剂[14-15]。具有ABO3结构的钙钛矿复合金属氧化物用作PMS催化剂受到了广泛的关注[16],A位点一般为稀土金属,与氧形成密集的立方堆积,对其结构的稳定起着主要作用;B位点一般为过渡金属,占据八面体中心,影响电子转移能力和氧空位的数量,从而影响催化活性[17]。A位金属通常为金属镧,有利于B位金属的暴露而不影响催化活性[18-19]。在LaBO3中,Co被认为是最活跃的金属,因为Co(Ⅱ)/Co(Ⅲ)氧化还原对能催化PMS产生更多的ROS(reactive oxygen species)[20]。LaCoO3已被证明可有效活化PMS以降解萘普生[21]、四环素[22]、卡马西平[23]和2-苯基-5-磺基苯并咪唑[24]。然而,有关LaCoO3活化PMS降解ATZ性能和降解机理,以及ATZ与LaCoO3表面吸附态PMS之间是否存在直接电子传递作用,并导致其对ATZ降解,尚缺乏相关报道。
阴离子对PMS催化体系具有重要影响[25],共存阴离子在实际废水中经常出现,研究阴离子对PMS催化体系的影响具有重要意义。阴离子一方面可能改变催化剂的稳定性,另一方面可能通过干扰自由基的产生和后续反应[26],在负载型Co3O4活化PMS降解罗丹明B体系中,Cl−有轻微的促进作用[27];而HCO3−、CO32−和Cl−会明显抑制钴酸锰活化PMS降解有机染料[28]。有研究表明,实际废水与模拟废水的处理效果存在较大差异,可能是实际废水中无机阴离子产生了干扰[29]。关于阴离子对PMS催化体系性能的研究还不太充分。为此,本研究系统地探究了常见无机阴离子和腐植酸(HA)对催化体系的影响。
本文采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了钙钛矿催化剂,并将其用于活化PMS降解ATZ,评价了催化剂类型、PMS投加量、催化剂投加量、ATZ质量浓度、pH和实验用水等因素的影响,讨论了Cl−、NO3−、HCO3−、H2PO4− 和SO42−及HA的影响,阐明了PMS的催化机理。
LaCoO3催化过一硫酸盐高效降解阿特拉津的性能及机理
Performance and mechanism of LaCoO3 catalyzed permonosulfate on efficient degradation of atrazine
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摘要: 钙钛矿类活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)催化氧化技术已成为一种有效处理难降解有机物的方法。然而,关于其活化PMS降解阿特拉津的性能、机理和无机阴离子及天然有机物对催化的影响并不清晰。为此,制备了钙钛矿催化剂,系统地研究了LaCoO3催化PMS降解阿特拉津(ATZ)的性能和机理,并探究了常见无机阴离子和腐植酸(HA)对降解性能的影响。结果表明,在中性pH下具有良好的降解效果;SO42−和NO3−轻微抑制降解,高浓度Cl−则具有明显的促进作用,其他无机阴离子(低浓度的Cl−、H2PO4−、HCO3−)和HA抑制降解。自由基淬灭实验和EPR测试证明体系中1O2和SO4·−起着重要作用,HO·对降解过程也有贡献。XPS测试表明LaCoO3表面的Co(Ⅱ)位点、晶格氧和氧空位在催化中发挥了重要作用;计时电流测定表明LaCoO3/PMS体系存在电子转移过程。LaCoO3表现出较好的稳定性,连续使用5次后ATZ去除率略有下降。最后提出了LaCoO3活化PMS降解ATZ的可能机理。以上研究结果可为LaCoO3活化PMS去除ATZ的应用提供参考。Abstract: Perovskite-based activated peroxymonosulfate(PMS) catalytic oxidation technology has become an effective method for the treatment of refractory organics. However, its performance and mechanism, as well as the effects of inorganic anions and natural organics on atrazine degradation are not clear. Thus, perovskite catalysts were prepared, the performance and mechanism of LaCoO3 catalyzing PMS to degrade of atrazine (ATZ) were systematically studied, and the effects of common inorganic anions and humic acid (HA) on the degradation performance were explored. The results showed that a good degradation effect occurred at neutral pH; SO42− and NO3− slightly inhibited the degradation, high concentration of Cl− had a significant promoting effect, and other inorganic anions (low concentration Cl−, H2PO4−, HCO3−) and HA inhibited degradation. Radical quenching experiments and EPR tests showed that 1O2 and SO4·− played an important role in the system, and HO· also contributed to the degradation process. XPS test showed that Co(Ⅱ) sites, lattice oxygen and oxygen vacancies on the surface of LaCoO3 played an important role in the catalysis; Chronoamperometry showed that there was an electron transfer process in the LaCoO3/PMS system. LaCoO3 showed a good stability, and the removal rate of ATZ decreased slightly after 5 consecutive usages of LaCoO3. Finally, the possible mechanism of LaCoO3-activated PMS to degrade ATZ was proposed. The above research results can provide a reference for the application of LaCoO3-activated PMS to remove ATZ.
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Key words:
- LaCoO3 /
- atrazine /
- peroxymonosulfate /
- inorganic anion /
- catalytic
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