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近年来,随着湖泊富营养化程度的加剧,大量蓝藻在水体季节性增殖,导致水华蓝藻频发,对生态环境造成了危害[1-2]。目前常用的藻水分离的方法有化学分离[3-4]和物理分离[5-6]。
与沉降技术相比,过滤技术由于藻水分离效果好、出水质量高和易于规模化放大应用等优势在物理分离方法中的应用日益受到关注[7-8]。然而,利用过滤技术分离水华蓝藻时易出现严重过滤堵塞,难以保持持续较高的分离效率[9]。藻细胞及其分泌物极易粘附在过滤介质表面或形成致密的藻饼层造成膜污染,进而影响膜过滤性能[10-12]。近年来,有研究表明,利用混凝预处理可以使胶体和微粒物失稳并聚集在一起,改变其在过滤过程中的藻饼堆积形态,进而减缓膜污染,提高过滤性能[13-16]。例如,RACAR等 [13]单独使用氯化铁作为预处理混凝剂,混凝-过滤处理化工废水,结果发现混凝预处理可以有效缓解过滤通量下降,使其通量下降率降低4.2~19.2倍。而ZHANG等[17]用不同铝系混凝剂对含藻水混凝-过滤,结果表明,水样经混凝预处理后,膜通量均有提高,并且不同混凝剂的提高效果存在明显差异。因此混凝预处理不仅可以提高过滤通量,而且不同混凝剂对于过滤效果的提高存在显著差异。
混凝剂种类是影响混凝-过滤性能的重要因素[18]。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),粘土/改性粘土,聚合铁盐等均是使用较广泛的水处理剂,与一般的无机絮凝剂相比,PAM具有较大的分子质量,能够通过网捕和吸附架桥作用聚合废水中的胶体颗粒及悬浮物,并且所生成的絮团沉降性能优异,但其存在投加成本高、药剂溶解性差等缺点[19],且PAM在水中也有残留风险。据王瑞等[20]研究发现,相对于PACl,PAM会增加出水的化学需氧量(COD)和氨氮含量,影响水质。邱丽霞等[21]通过改性粘土对球形棕囊藻的消除研究,发现在所有实验浓度下使用粘土/改性粘土均会导致部分藻细胞死亡,使胞内有机物释放到水体中,在短时间内,导致水体DOC含量明显升高。雷国元等[22]的研究表明,使用高浓度铁盐处理含藻水时,出水会出现色度问题。聚合氯化铝(polyaluminum chloride,PACl)因其低廉的价格,良好的处理性能常被用作水华爆发后应急处理的混凝剂[23]。WANG等[24]用硫酸铝和聚合氯化铝处理富藻水体,结果发现使用聚合氯化铝的处理成本更低且混凝后的絮体更紧实,然而其在生物质中的残留也影响到微藻生物质的资源化利用。
近年来,壳聚糖(chitosan,CTS)因其良好的生物降解性并且无毒无残留的优点,使其在微藻收获中的应用也日益受到关注[25]。冯辰辰等[19]利用硫酸铝、氯化铁、氢氧化钠和壳聚糖对小球藻进行混凝沉降,结果发现壳聚糖较其他混凝剂在更少用量下有更好的混凝效果。且NAYAK等[26]对比了硫酸铝、硫酸铁和壳聚糖等混凝剂对小球藻生物质高效收获的影响,结果发现壳聚糖有更优的处理效果。然而,PACl和CTS混凝预处理如何影响水华微囊藻的过滤去除尚不明晰。
本研究探究了PACl和CTS对水华微囊藻混凝-过滤分离特性的影响,研究了2种混凝剂对絮体特性、过滤通量、出水水质和生物质品质的影响,并对2种混凝剂在优化剂量下的药剂成本进行了分析,以期为混凝-过滤去除水华蓝藻时混凝剂的选择以及混凝-过滤机制的探索提供参考。
PACl和CTS对水华微囊藻混凝-过滤的影响
Influence of PACl and CTS on the removal of Microcystis flos-aquae using coagulation-filtration
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摘要: 过滤去除水华蓝藻时易出现过滤材料堵塞,混凝预处理可以改变水华蓝藻在过滤过程中的藻饼过滤特性,从而提高过滤通量。混凝剂种类是影响混凝-过滤分离性能的重要因素。本研究利用聚合氯化铝(PACl)和壳聚糖(CTS)进行预混凝,研究了2种混凝剂对絮体特性及过滤通量、出水水质和生物质品质的影响,并进行了2种混凝剂优化剂量添加条件下的药剂成本分析。结果表明,采用PACl和CTS在优化剂量下,过滤通量从无预处理时的1 647 L·(m2·h)−1分别提升到2 020 L·(m2·h)−1和5 816 L·(m2·h)−1,通量下降率由65.9%分别降低到23.2%和13.8%。两种不同混凝剂过滤性能的差异主要是由混凝形成的絮体大小和饼层阻力不同造成的。CTS、PACl混凝预处理减小了饼层的过滤比阻力系数。在优化剂量条件下,CTS、PACl混凝形成的饼层比阻力系数Rcs从无混凝剂时的4.49×108 m·g−1分别降低了95%和24%,达到了2.23×107 m·g−1和3.4×108 m·g−1。且CTS预处理形成饼层的比阻力系数是PACl预处理的1/15,因此,CTS更有利于提高混凝效率。虽然PACl的成本低于CTS,但使用PACl会造成藻类生物质中铝残留,因此考虑到生物质的资源化利用以及残余铝离子的回收成本,CTS比PACl略有优势,干生物质当量的药剂成本及残余铝离子的回收成本之和分别达到1 488元·t−1和1 530元·t−1。
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关键词:
- 水华微囊藻(Microcystis flos-aquae) /
- 聚合氯化铝(PACL) /
- 壳聚糖(CTS) /
- 混凝 /
- 过滤
Abstract: Filter block occurs easily when cyanobacteria bloom is removed by filtration. Coagulation pretreatment changes the characteristics of algae cake during filtration separation process, and thus improves the filtration flux. The type of coagulant is an important factor affecting the performance of coagulation filtration separation. In this study, polyaluminum chloride (PACl) and chitosan (CTS) were used for pre-coagulation. The effects of two coagulants on floc characteristics, filtration flux, effluent quality and biomass quality were studied. The cost analysis of reagents at the optimum dosages of these two coagulants was performed. The results showed that coagulation pretreatment could significantly reduce the flux declining in the process of filtration separation of Microcystis flos-aquae. At the optimal dosages of PACl and CTS, the filtration flux increased from 1 647 L·(m2·h)−1 to 2 020 L·(m2·h)−1 and 5 816 L ·(m2·h)−1, respectively, and the flux reduction rate decreased from 65.9% to 23.2% and 13.8%, respectively. The difference in filtration performance of these two coagulants were caused by the differences of flocs size and cake resistance after coagulation. CTS and PACl coagulation reduced the specific cake resistance dramatically. At the optimized dosages of CTS and PACl, the specific cake resistance(Rcs) reached 2.23×107 m·g−1and 3.4×108 m·g−1, respectively, which were 95% and 24% lower than that without coagulant. The Rcs of cake formed after CST pre-coagulation was 1/15 that after PACl pre-coagulation, thus CST was more favorable for the improvement of coagulation efficency. Although the cost of PACl was lower than that of CTS, PACl will cause the aluminum residues in the collected algal biomass. Therefore, considering the resource utilization of biomass and the recovery cost of residual aluminum, the total cost of CTS was still lower than PACl. The sum of chemical cost of dry biomass equivalent and recovery cost of residual aluminum ions reached 1 488 yuan ·t−1 and 1 530 yuan ·t−1, respectively.-
Key words:
- Microcystis flos-aqua /
- polyaluminum chloride (PACl) /
- chitosan (CTS) /
- coagulation /
- filtration
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表 1 混凝剂成本的比较
Table 1. Comparison of coagulant costs
混凝剂 混凝剂单价/(元·t−1) 混凝剂用量/(t·t−1) 混凝剂成本/(元·t−1) 生物质净化成本/(元·t−1) 总成本/(元·t−1) PACl 3 800 0.100 380 1 150 1 530 CTS 160 000 0.009 1 488 0 1 488 -
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