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四环素(tetracycline,TC)是最常见的一种广谱抗生素[1]。其化学结构稳定,不易被人体和动物消化吸收,大多通过粪便和尿液排出体外[2]。常规的污水处理方式对四环素的去除效果有限,因此,近年来在沉积物、地表水和地下水中经常检测到残留的四环素[3]。除了四环素本身的毒性,抗生素还会导致水体中产生抗性细菌和抗性基因,可危害生态系统和人体健康[4]。
近年来,芬顿氧化体系在水体污染物去除中受到广泛关注[5],其通过H2O2产生的羟基自由基(·OH)来降解有机污染物。但·OH的稳定性较差,从而限制对污染物的降解效果[6]。相比之下,半衰期更长、稳定性更好的硫酸根自由基(SO4·−)受到越来越多的探究。与液体H2O2相比,固体过硫酸盐在运输、使用和储存方面更安全。过一硫酸盐(PMS)是过硫酸盐的一种,在降解具有不饱和键和芳香族成分的有机污染物方面更具选择性[7]。PMS所产生的SO4·−在不同条件下被激发后还可以转化为·OH、SO5·−等多种活性物质[8]。目前较为常见的激活PMS的体系主要有2类,即均相反应体系和基于催化剂的非均相反应体系。其中,均相反应体系易受到水质等多方面因素影响,而基于催化剂的非均相体系催化效果相对更为稳定。因此,将PMS与基于催化剂的光催化技术相结合,具有更高的污染物去除效率和更广泛的应用前景。
目前,已有将PMS与TiO2[9]、ZnO[10]、g-C3N4[11]、CdS[12]等光催化剂相结合的研究。而在众多催化剂材料当中,含钴元素的材料被证明是激活PMS最有效的一类催化剂。JIANG等合成了多孔0D/3D NiCo2O4/g-C3N4 异质结,对卡马西平具有高效的去除效果[13]。JIN等合成了Z型异质结催化剂Co3O4/g-C3N4,在60 min内对四环素的去除率可以达到90.2%[14]。TIAN等制备出了蒲公英球状NiCo2O4催化剂,在120 min时可以去除90%的腐殖酸[15]。然而,钴元素的浸出可能会对水体环境造成二次污染。
铁酸镍(NiFe2O4)是一种常见的 p 型半导体,具有禁带宽度小、成本低、效益高、化学耐久性强和可磁性分离的优点[16]。然而,由于电荷载流子的快速复合和纳米粒子团聚效应引起的活性位点数量下降,导致NiFe2O4的催化活性较低[17]。钨酸铋(Bi2WO6)具有良好的可见光吸收能力和抗光腐蚀性[18]。将NiFe2O4和Bi2WO6复合构成p-n异质结结构,可促进电荷的分离且减弱NiFe2O4的团聚效应,提升污染物的去除率。
本研究利用静电自组装策略,在乙醇溶液中通过NiFe2O4和Bi2WO6合成得到复合催化剂NiFe-Bi-XY,并确定了NiFe2O4和Bi2WO6的最佳质量比,用于在太阳光/NiFe-Bi-XY/PMS体系中降解四环素。该催化剂NiFe-Bi-73含有双变价金属,可以很好地激发PMS,且所构建体系将光催化与非光催化体系相结合,大大提高了降解污染物的效率。此外,本研究将p-n异质结催化与PMS激活相结合,最大限度地发挥催化剂各组分的功能,进一步研究了在不同的反应条件下体系的降解效果,包括改变PMS浓度、溶液初始pH、催化剂剂量等影响因素。通过循环实验和一系列表征分析结果证明了所制备催化剂的稳定性。通过ESR、XPS价带谱和捕获实验等结果提出了多途径激活PMS以及基于自由基和非自由基的四环素降解途径。最后,通过HPLC-MS对降解产物进行检测,阐明了四环素可能的降解机制。
太阳光/NiFe-Bi-XY异质结催化剂/过一硫酸盐体系对四环素的降解性能及机理
Performance and mechanism of tetracycline degradation by sunlight/NiFe-Bi-XY heterojunctions /permonosulfate system
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摘要: 近年来,尖晶石型铁氧体在光催化领域展现出良好的应用前景,但其团聚作用会影响催化效果,构建异质结结构可以有效提高催化效率。通过自组装法合成了一系列Bi2WO6/NiFe2O4 p-n型异质结催化剂(NiFe-Bi-XY),并将其应用于去除水体中的四环素污染物。在太阳光/NiFe-Bi-73/过一硫酸盐(PMS)体系中,在反应30 min时对20 mg·L−1四环素溶液的去除率可以达到91.1%,矿化率可以达到56.3%,所构建的反应体系在碱性环境中依然保持着对四环素良好的去除效果。通过XPS价带谱、禁带宽度计算、Mott-Schottky和ESR测试证明NiFe-Bi-XY形成了p-n型异质结结构。在所构建的体系中,四环素的降解主要是通过光催化和非光催化降解2种途径共同实现的。淬灭实验结果表明,·O2−和1O2是降解四环素的主要活性物种。以上研究结果可为合成高效的二元异质结催化剂,并将其用于环境修复提供参考。Abstract: In recent years, spinel-type ferrites have promising application prospects in the field of photocatalysis. However, its agglomeration will affect the catalytic effect, and the construction of a heterojunction structure can effectively improve the catalytic efficiency. In this study, a series of Bi2WO6/NiFe2O4 p-n type heterojunctions (NiFe-Bi-XY) by self-assemble were prepared and used to remove tetracycline in water. In the sunlight/NiFe-Bi-73/permonosulfate (PMS) systems, yhe optimal removal efficiency towards 20 mg·L−1 tetracycline could reach 91.1% at 30 min, and the mineralization rate was 56.3%. The constructed reaction system still maintained a good removal effect of tetracycline in an alkaline environment. For NiFe-Bi-XY, the formation of p-n type heterojunctions was proved by XPS valence band spectra, Kubelka-Munk plots, Mott-Schottky test and ESR measurements. In this system, the degradation of tetracycline was mainly achieved by photocatalytic and non-photocatalytic pathways. Radical trapping experiments confirmed that ·O2− and 1O2 radicals were the most critical active species during the catalytic process. This study provides a feasible approach to synthesize efficient binary heterojunction catalysts for environmental remediation.
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Key words:
- tetracycline /
- wastewater treatment /
- photocatalysis /
- peroxymonosulfate /
- heterojunction
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表 1 不同催化剂材料对于四环素降解的效果对比
Table 1. Comparison of different catalyst materials for photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline
表 2 某污水处理厂二沉池出水和某地表河水的水质参数
Table 2. Water quality of a secondary sedimentation tank effluent and a surface river.
水源 电导率/
(μs·cm−1)TOC/
(mg·L−1)ORP/mV pH 其他无机离子的质量浓度/( mg·L−1) NO3− Cl− F− SO42− K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ 二沉池 873 3.39 154.4 7.54 10.5 160.02 0.35 51.92 23.04 30.54 97 10.08 0.08 河水 325 3.95 138.3 7.73 6.49 15.9 0.39 31 9.21 38.47 16.89 3.68 0.06 -
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