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垃圾渗沥液是一种成分复杂且难处理的高浓度有机废水[1],2021年我国生活垃圾清运量达到2.67×108 t,相对于2015年的1.91×108 t增加了约39.8%。目前,卫生填埋是我国城市生活垃圾的主要处理方式之一[2],与垃圾焚烧和堆肥处理相比,卫生填埋成本较低且工艺简单[3],但生活垃圾经过填埋处理后会发生一系列物理化学和生物化学的反应而产生垃圾渗沥液[4],据计算,每吨生活垃圾在填埋周期内约产生0.1 t垃圾渗沥液[5]。垃圾渗沥液污染物复杂且浓度超高、水质水量变化大[6]、处理难度高[2],如果处理不好,就会导致垃圾渗沥液渗入到土壤、地下水、河流中,从而会影响整个生态系统自身的修复和发展[7]。常用的垃圾渗沥液处理技术主要包括好氧生物处理、厌氧生物处理的生物法和用活性炭吸附[8]、离子交换[9]、膜渗析[10]等物理化学法。单独的生物处理方法无法使其处理达标,并且反应的周期较长;发达城市常用的反渗透处理工艺虽能将垃圾渗沥液处理达标但其耗费极大且会产生二次污染[11-14],因此,寻找高效且低成本的处理垃圾渗沥液的方法迫在眉睫。
近年来,微纳米气泡(MB)在水处理领域取得了巨大进步,其表现的特性已经超出了人们对普通气泡的认知[15]。微纳米气泡一般指直径小于100 μm气泡的总称。其中,直径大于1 μm 的为微气泡,直径小于1 μm的气泡为纳米气泡[16]。微米气泡直径其比表面积大,水中停留时间较长,传质效率高、界面电位高。与微米气泡相比,纳米气泡水中停留时间更长,其传质效率更高,界面点位更高,生物效果显著[17]。由于微纳米气泡具有很强的滞留性,同时内压较大,其高溶解能力可为水体提供高含量的溶解氧[18],微纳米气泡用于处理受污染的水体,可降低水体中的有机污染物[19],同时抑制水体中厌氧菌的有机质分解过程,降低水体中氮、磷的含量[20]。微纳米气泡气液界面带负电荷[21],可与特定的污染物反应,此外微纳米气泡破裂时产生的自由基和振动波可以促进污染物的去除[22]。故在水污染处理领域中,微纳米气泡被发现后得到了广泛的关注和应用[23]。
垃圾渗沥液成分复杂,水质不稳定,采用常规生物处理法处理效果不理想。针对于此,高级氧化技术可应用于为有效降解垃圾渗沥液。芬顿和类芬顿技术得到了广泛应用,其原理是利用·OH的强氧化性,从有机物中夺取氢原子使其分解为CO2和水等无机物或小分子有机物[24]。近年来,以SO4−·的高级氧化技术由于其较高的降解能力、优于·OH的存在寿命和对污染物的高度适应性成为目前的研究热点。过硫酸盐(PS)活化技术常用于降解水环境中的有机污染物[25],过硫酸盐在光、热、声、过渡金属离子的条件下会分解过硫酸根生成硫酸根自由基,其具有较高的氧化还原电位(E0=2.5~3.1 eV),具有强氧化能力,其主要通过电子传递和提取氢将有机污染物氧化为无机物或小分子物质,甚至直接分解成CO2和H2O[26]。目前常见的过硫酸盐活化法有热活化、过渡金属催化活化、紫外光活化等[27],有研究表明,在波长小于270 nm的紫外光照射下过硫酸盐[28],过硫酸盐中的过硫酸根会分解生成硫酸根自由基,从而有效降解有机污染物[29]。本研究利用微纳米气泡的特性将其与紫外灯(UV)活化过硫酸盐技术相结合,考察了反应时间、初始pH、过硫酸钾(PS)投加量、紫外灯功率、微纳米气泡(MB)进气量等因素对垃圾渗沥液中COD去除效果的影响。
微纳米气泡/UV/K2S2O8协同处理模拟垃圾渗沥液
Treatment of simulated landfill leachate by micro-nano bubble /UV/K2S2O8
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摘要: 以垃圾渗沥液中的主要污染物冰乙酸、正丁酸、正己酸和氨组成的混合物为处理对象,采用微纳米气泡联合紫外灯活化过硫酸盐法处理模拟垃圾渗沥液,考察了反应时间、过硫酸钾投加量、pH、紫外灯功率、微纳米气泡进气量对污染物去除效果的影响。结果表明:微纳米气泡对紫外灯活化过硫酸盐法有显著的协同作用。当反应时间为180 min、过硫酸钾投加量为4 g·L−1、pH=6、紫外灯功率为10 W、微纳米气泡进气量为30 mL·min−1时,污染物的去除效果最佳,COD去除率为60.68%,TOC去除率为48.05%,氨氮去除率为42.1%。自由基淬灭实验结合EPR表征结果表明,羟基自由基和硫酸根自由基为降解过程中主要的活性物质。溶液中无机碳含量增加,说明废水中有机物分解为二氧化碳和水。Abstract: In this study, the main pollutants in landfill leachate, including glacial acetic acid, n-butyric acid, n-hexanoic acid and ammonia, were treated by micro-nano bubbles combined with UV lamp activated persulfate method. The effects of different reaction time, potassium persulfate dosage, pH, UV lamp power and gas flow of micro and nano bubbles on the removal rate of landfill leachate were studied. The results showed that micro-nano bubbles had a significant synergistic effect on UV lamp activated persulfate method. When the reaction time was 180 min, the dosage of potassium persulfate was 4 g·L−1, pH=6, uv lamp power was 10 W, and the gas flow of micro/nano bubbles was 30 mL·min−1, the removal rates of COD, TOC and ammonia nitrogen were 60.68%, 48.05% and 42.1%, respectively. The results of free radical quenching and EPR showed that the simulated landfill leachate was degraded by the attack of hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical. Total organic carbon analyzer (TOC) analysis measured the increase of inorganic carbon in the solution, indicating the decomposition of organic matter into carbon dioxide and water in wastewater.
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Key words:
- micro-nano bubbles /
- ultraviolet lamp /
- persulfate /
- landfill leachate
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表 1 进气量对COD去除效果和反应速率的影响
Table 1. Effect of gas flow on COD removal effect and reaction rate
MB进气量/(mL·min−1) K/min−1 t1/2/min R2 10 0.002 32 298.770 336 0.943 1 20 0.002 84 244.065 908 0.964 1 30 0.006 07 114.192 287 0.945 58 40 0.005 39 128.598 735 0.939 7 50 0.004 29 161.572 769 0.924 2 -
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