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沸石是一种水合铝硅酸盐的包合物,晶格内部孔穴比表面积大,晶格内部水分子与金属离子同矿物骨架的联结较松弛,使得骨架孔道内阳离子出入较为自由,形成较高的离子交换吸附容量,故对氨氮吸附能力较强,常用于富氨氮(NH4+)废水的快速处理[1]。然而,吸附过程因其存在饱和吸附容量,在实际应用中使用寿命较短,故吸附材料的广泛应用常受再生方法便利性及材料替换经济性的制约。传统的沸石再生方法常利用高盐或酸碱溶液[2-4]对吸附位点上的NH4+进行离子交换而实现吸附能力再生,但此类方法的效率有限,大量的药剂使用也使得再生成本较高,在我国已确立“双碳目标”的背景下,沸石的再生仍需寻找一种高效低耗的技术手段。有研究表明,影响沸石对氨氮吸附平衡过程的主要因素包括沸石粒径、沸石投加比、溶液pH、初始氨氮浓度、反应时间、反应温度等[5-6]。从实操性的角度考虑,粒径和沸石投加比受沸石选型和吸附能力的制约很难受人为调控[7-8];调节溶液pH会显著增加药剂消耗及再生成本并产生附加废弃物[9];初始氨氮浓度和反应时间受处理化合物自身特性及化学性质制约而不宜调控[10]。而反应温度调控属于可控性较高、副产物少且环境友好性较佳的再生手段,但能效的保障是主要难点,结合当下“双碳目标”的要求,值得进一步探索与优化[11-12]。
在传统的温度调控方式中,蒸汽、加热夹套或浸没式换热管等间接接触传热是大规模工程中较常用的手段,使用较为成熟,但间接传热常会发生2种以上相界面的传热过程,相间传热损失与环境热量散失较难忽略,热效率与热选择性不高[13]。传统的直接加热方法一般通过电阻加热元件加热接触介质达到升温目的,但电阻丝构型较固定,满足局部微环境需求的形态可调节性较差,在污水环境中电路接口密封性要求较高,故使用过程中也较难抑制加热元件在环境介质中的热损失,限制了吸附剂的再生效率及系统经济性[14]。较传统加热方法而言,微波具有直接快速加热内部物料的优点,微波能通过分子振动和摩擦转化为热量,能效高,但微波对场域内材料无差别作用,沸石再生时微波辐射区域内的水体不可避免被加热,能量损耗较大,可操作性大幅降低[15-16]。而光热技术利用光热转换材料可将光能转换为热能实现可控区域的加热,具有低功耗、光学简单等特点,但目前该技术尚处研发阶段,且光热转换材料制备价格昂贵,在环境领域的应用较为受限[17]。因此,通过温度调控沸石再生的方法仍需进一步优化,以寻求技术效率、经济与可操作性的平衡点。
磁热效应可以通过导体在交变磁场下产生涡旋电流而实现焦耳热快速加热的效果,是一种磁能高效实现热量转化的加热方式[18]。磁热效应加热较电阻加热有更强的构型灵活性和微型化潜力,较微波加热有更多的材料选择性,较光热技术有更佳的经济性。本研究拟将沸石与微型化磁热导体耦合成圈层结构,实现结构化的沸石载体局部磁致自辅热,通过对交变磁场的调控实现结构化沸石载体局部温度的精确调控,并辅助传质较好但导热系数较低的保温层材料设计,有效减少局部控温过程中的热量损失,提高沸石载体在自辅热系统中的热利用率、再生效率及经济性,实现低耗、高效、可控的沸石载体再生过程,从而可促进环境材料绿色循环利用。
本研究通过筛选优化的磁热导体与磁场条件,考察了结构化沸石载体的局部自辅热特性及水中保温特性,并在不同初始氨氮浓度条件下研究了磁致自辅热沸石在局部加热下的吸附及解吸动力学特征,探明了磁致自辅热效应对沸石再生过程的影响机制,以期为应用过程中实现低耗高效解决沸石再生难题提供参考。
磁致自辅热沸石控温载体构建及其氨氮吸附再生调控机制
Preparation of a magnetically-induced self-heating zeolite carrier and the corresponding regulation mechanism on ammonia adsorption and regeneration
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摘要: 为解决常规沸石再生过程药耗较高的问题,满足当下双碳目标的要求,构建了结构化磁致自辅热沸石控温载体,利用磁热效应实现沸石氨氮原位吸附过程调控,避免再生过程中的药剂消耗。在优化筛选磁场条件与发热内核构型基础上,应用Langmuir、Freundlich模型、动力学模型及粒子内扩散模型考察了局部自辅热对沸石氨氮原位吸附及解吸过程的影响。结果表明,局部自辅热使沸石氨氮吸附行为更满足Freundlich模型,以物理吸附为主,动力学过程为准二级动力学模型,以粒子内扩散和液膜扩散为主。同时,局部自辅热使沸石氨氮12 h解吸率提升约29 %,动力学拟合更满足准二级动力学模型,为化学解吸过程,扩散方式以以粒子外部扩散为主。最终证实,磁致自辅热可以有效调控沸石氨氮吸附解吸过程,可为沸石可控再生提供一种低耗高效途径。Abstract: In order to resolve the problems of high reagent-consuming in conventional regeneration of zeolite and meet the current global trends of emission peak and carbon neutrality, a layered-structure magnetically-induced self-heating zeolite carrier was built to regulate the in-situ ammonia adsorption/desorption process and avoid the extra reagents consumption for material regeneration. Langmuir model, Freundlich model, chemical kinetics, and intraparticle diffusion model were used to study the effect of local self-heating on the mechanism of in-situ ammonia adsorption/desorption process on zeolite. The result showed that local self-heating led to a better fit of ammonia adsorption behavior on the self-heating zeolite carrier by Freundlich model than others, which was dominated by physical adsorption process. The adsorption kinetics could be well fitted by pseudo-second-order dynamic model which is dominated by intraparticle and liquid-film diffusion. Meanwhile, the desorption capacity of the self-heating zeolite carrier increased by 29% within 12 h compared to the common zeolite carrier, the former could be better fitted by pseudo-second-order dynamic model, and the chemical desorption process was promoted, which implied that an elevated desorption process was controlled by external particle diffusion. In general, the self-heating zeolite carrier could effectively regulate in-situ ammonia adsorption/desorption process, provide a controllable regeneration approach with low-carbon and cost-effectiveness for zeolite.
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表 1 恒温与局部自辅热条件下吸附过程Langmuir及Freundlich模型相关参数
Table 1. Langmuir and Freundlich model parameters of adsorption process
类型 Langmuir参数 Freundlich参数 qmax/(mg·g−1) KL R2 KF 1/n R2 恒温 20.10 0.003 9 0.384 2 0.906 7 0.453 0.544 0 局部自辅热 — — 0.087 0 0.148 1 1.099 0.902 4 表 2 吸附动力学模型相关参数
Table 2. Parameters of adsorption kinetics model
类型 准一级动力学模型 准二级动力学模型 Weber-Morris模型 K1 qe/(mg·g−1) R2 K2 qe/(mg·g−1) R2 Ki R2 恒温 0.004 92 10.690 9 0.941 7 0.000 40 13.676 1 0.996 1 0.375 56 0.964 2 局部自辅热 0.003 34 7.848 0.963 3 0.000 21 11.080 3 0.964 7 0.295 44 0.992 3 表 3 解吸动力学模型相关参数
Table 3. Parameters of desorption kinetics model
类型 准一级解吸动力学模型 准二级解吸动力学模型 Weber-Morris模型 K1ʹ qeʹ/(mg·g−1) R2 K2ʹ qeʹ/(mg·g−1) R2 Kiʹ R2 恒温 0.003 22 0.704 5 0.670 5 0.002 59 0.949 3 0.495 2 0.023 94 0.732 9 局部自辅热 0.003 78 0.907 7 0.551 7 0.004 16 1.039 7 0.8195 0.024 85 0.777 9 -
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