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重金属是指相对密度大于4.5 g·cm−3的金属,其对环境的污染主要来自化石燃料的燃烧、城市垃圾、污水灌溉、农药化肥的施用、矿山开采、金属冶炼等[1-2]。《全国土壤污染状况调查公报》表明,我国土壤环境质量状况不容乐观,土壤重金属污染突出[3]。其中,镉、汞、砷、铜、铅、铬、锌、镍的点位超标率分别为7%、1.6%、2.7%、2.1%、1.5%、1.1%、0.9%、4.8%。土壤重金属含量超标势必会影响粮食安全[4],威胁经济的可持续发展。重金属毒性高、具有不可降解性[5],会沿食物链传递并最后进入人体,威胁人群健康[6]。因此,迫切需要具有成本效益、高效、环保的重金属污染土壤治理方法。
生物炭 (Biochar, BC) 是含碳生物质在相对低温、有限氧或无氧环境下热解产生的材料[7],具有比表面积大、含氧官能团丰富、孔隙结构发达、导电性良好等特点[8-9]。作为一种土壤改良剂[10],生物炭既能改善土壤性质,影响土壤微生物的丰度和活性[11-12],又能降低包括重金属在内的多种污染物的生物有效性,近年来常用于治理土壤中的有机和无机污染物[13-16]。随着研究的深入,生物炭的一些弊端逐渐显现。如生物炭对重金属的吸附效率比活性炭低[17],表面官能团种类少、粒径大、力学性能较差等限制了其实际应用[18-19],对于一些阴离子污染物 (如砷等) 的固定达不到预期效果[20-21]。因此,一些学者通过表面改性来优化生物炭的性能,提高钝化重金属效果。
由铁基化合物或混合物和生物炭制备的铁改性生物炭,在重金属污染治理上受到了国内外学者的广泛关注[22-26],比表面积大、机械性能强、能提供铁离子、官能团丰富等优点使得其对重金属表现出优异的吸附和固定能力[27-31]。生物炭可有效地降低纳米铁颗粒的团聚性和对土壤微生态的毒性[32-33],同时具备组分材料的优异特性,在重金属的固定化方面发挥出了两者的协同性能。本文综述铁改性生物炭的制备方法,以及该材料对重金属污染土壤修复的研究进展,并梳理制备及修复过程中的主要影响因素,从而阐明铁改性生物炭对重金属的固定化机制,分析施用铁改性生物炭对土壤微生态的影响,以期为铁改性生物炭在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用提供参考。
铁改性生物炭的制备及其在重金属污染土壤修复技术中的应用进展
Preparation of iron-modified biochar and its application in heavy metal contaminated soils
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摘要: 生物炭已被广泛应用于修复重金属污染土壤,但粒径大、力学性能差、吸附点位较少等缺点限制了其应用。由铁基化合物和生物炭制备的铁改性生物炭,可优化生物炭的性能,弥补生物炭修复能力的不足,表现出良好的重金属钝化效果。综述了铁改性生物炭的制备方法,以及该材料对重金属污染土壤修复的研究进展:介绍了铁改性生物炭的制备方法和常用表征手段;总结了制备及修复过程中的主要影响因素 (原材料、温度、投加量、修复时间等) ;从静电作用、离子交换、络合、氧化还原、共沉淀作用等方面阐明了铁改性生物炭对重金属的固定化机制;分析了施用铁改性生物炭对土壤微生态的影响;最后指出了铁改性生物炭材料在应用中可能存在的问题。以期为铁改性生物炭在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用提供理论依据。Abstract: At present, biochar has been widely used in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil, but its practical application is limited due to the shortcomings of large particle size, poor mechanical properties, and less adsorption sites. It was found that iron-modified biochar prepared by iron-based compounds and biochar could optimize the performance of biochar, make up for the lack of biochar repair ability, and show excellent heavy metal passivation effect. In this paper, the preparation and remediation of iron-modified biochar for heavy metal contaminated soil were reviewed. Firstly, the preparation and characterization methods of iron-modified biochar were introduced, and the main influencing factors (raw materials, temperature, dosage, time, etc.) in the process of preparation and remediation were summarized. Then, the immobilization mechanism of iron-modified biochar for heavy metals was elucidated from the aspects of electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, complexation, oxidation-reduction, and coprecipitation. The effects of iron-modified biochar on soil microecology were analyzed. Finally, the possible problems in the application of iron-modified biochar materials were pointed out, in order to provide theoretical basis for the application of iron-modified biochar in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.
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Key words:
- iron-modified biochar /
- heavy metal /
- soil remediation /
- mechanism of immobilization /
- microecology
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表 1 铁改性生物炭在重金属污染土壤中的应用
Table 1. Application of iron-modified biochar in heavy metal contaminated soil
原材料 改性方法 热解温度 投加量 重金属 修复效果 参考文献 油菜秸秆 FeCl3改性 600 ℃ 2.5%~10% Cd 土培90 d,土壤有效态Cd含量降低了22.5%~32.3% [92] 玉米秸秆 FeCl3改性 450 ℃ 10 g·kg−1 Cd/As 对As的去除效果比未改性时提高了43.68%,但降低了对Cd的吸附 [76] 稻草、小麦秸秆、玉米秸秆 FeCl3改性 400 ℃ 1%~10% Cd/As 10%的投加量下,铁改性玉米秸秆生物炭对As和Cd的固定效率分别为63.21%和95.1% [58] 悬铃木、猪 FeCl3改性 650 ℃ 3% As/Pb 铁改性悬铃木和铁改性猪生物炭使土壤有效态Pb含量降低了12.1%和15.5%,使土壤有效态As含量降低了32.8%和35.9% [98] 柳渣 FeCl3/nZVI改性 700 ℃ 1% Cr nZVI改性生物炭处理降低了Cr(VI)含量,玉米生物量提高了31% [95] 麦秸 FeS改性 ─ 2.5~10 mg·g−1 Cr 2.5、5、10 mg·g−1铁改性生物炭处理下TCLP可提取的Cr(VI)浓度分别降低94.7%、96.5%和96.6% [27] 果壳 FeS/nZVI/Fe3O4改性 600 ℃ 3% Pb nZVI/BC对Pb的固定效率高达54.68%,修复效果最好 [99] 小麦秸秆 Fe2O3改性 500 ℃ 4% As 土壤水溶态砷含量降低了89.74%,As的生物有效性降低 [81] 桉树木屑/猪粪 Fe3O4改性 400 ℃ 2% Cd/Zn/Pb 磁性生物炭显著降低了土壤有效态重金属含量,抑制芦苇对重金属的吸收 [41] 稻壳 Fe3O4改性 400 ℃ 0.05%~1.6% Cd 0.2%~0.4%铁改性生物炭处理下有效态Cd含量下降了6.81%~25% [25] 稻壳 Fe3O4改性 400 ℃ 0.05%~1.6% As 0.05%~1.6%铁改性生物炭处理下土壤非专性吸附态砷含量降低了29.9%~62.3% [75] 雪松木屑 Fe3O4改性 300 ℃ 10% As/Cd/Pb 磁分离回收铁改性生物炭后,土壤砷、镉、铅总浓度分别下降了28%、25%和32% [28] 核桃壳 Fe3O4改性 ─ 0.25% Cr 处理组土壤中TCLP可提取态总Cr和Cr(VI)含量分别降低了38.99%~98.21%,46.99%~92.35% [100] 麦秸 FeOOH改性 600 ℃ 0.5%~1.5% Cd 1.5%投加量下,铁改性生物炭处理组土壤残渣态镉含量从20.8%变为46.6% [101] ─ nFe3O4/nZVI改性 ─ 2~16 g·kg−1 Pb 8 g·kg−1投加量下,nFe3O4-BC和nZVI-BC的固定化率分别为23%和42% [47] 稻草 nZVI改性 500 ℃ 2%~8% Cd 8%nZVI/BC处理下土壤弱酸可提取态Cd含量从70%降低为54% [102] 花生壳 nZVI改性 450 ℃ 10 g·kg−1 Se 处理30 d后对Se固定效率为60.61% [73] 甘蔗渣 nZVI改性 600 ℃ 8 g·kg−1 Cr Cr(VI)和总铬的固定效率达到了100%、92.9% [65] 棕榈 nZVI改性 500 ℃ 0.1% As/Cd 水稻生长拔节期和成熟期,土壤弱酸可提取态镉含量降低51.2%和23.6%,水稻茎叶部砷含量降低了47.8% [83] 柳枝 nZVI改性 400 ℃ 5% Cr 有效促进了Cr的固定,铁改性生物炭处理下残渣态铬含量提高了11.58% [103] 绿茶 nZVI改性 150~650 ℃ 10 g·kg−1 Pb 与原始nZVI相比,nZVI改性生物炭固定化效率提高了19.38%,与生物炭相比,固定化效率提高了57.14% [55] 稻壳 nZVI改性 600~1 000 ℃ 4%~12% Cr Fe-RBC-800处理后不仅污染土壤中Cr的酸溶态消失,渗滤液中Cr(VI)也被完全去除 [29] -
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