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噻虫胺(Clothianidin,CLO)是第2代新烟碱类杀虫剂,与吡虫啉、噻虫嗪并列为3大最广谱的新烟碱类农药,其占新烟碱类农药使用量的14.3%,具有广谱、触杀、胃杀和內吸性等特点,可用于控制半翅目、鞘翅目和某些鳞翅目等害虫[1-3]。从20世纪90年代进入市场以来,新烟碱类杀虫剂的生产量、销售量和使用量持续增长,并在环境水体中被广泛检出且具有较高存在水平[4]。2016年珠江流域的3条主干河流水样检测结果显示噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和啶虫脒等3种新烟碱类杀虫剂检出率为100%[5]。2019年我国地下水中检出噻虫胺的最大质量浓度达到0.137 μg·L−1[6]。残留的新烟碱类杀虫剂会对环境生物产生毒害作用,研究表明当花粉中噻虫胺等新烟碱类杀虫剂达到亚致死剂量时会对蜜蜂等授粉类昆虫生存造成多方面困难,包括掌握花卉特性、导航以及觅食等[7]。因此,如何有效去除环境中残留的新烟碱类杀虫剂成为环境污染与修复领域亟待解决的问题之一。
生物炭是生物质(包括农业残留物、富含生物质的动植物、粪肥、污泥等)在厌氧或缺氧的条件下热解和碳化后产生的高度芳香化物质,具有比表面积大、孔隙发达及含氧官能团丰富等优点[8-9]。生物炭能够通过π-π电子供体-受体相互作用、静电吸附作用、氢键作用、疏水分配和孔填充效应等方式吸附去除包括抗生素[10-11]、农药[12-13]、苯系物[14-15]等污染物。目前,越来越多的研究开始通过物理、化学和生物等方法对生物炭进行改性,以进一步提高其对污染物的去除能力[16-20]。
化学改性是目前最常用的改性方法,通常包括酸碱改性法、氧化还原改性法和高分子材料改性法[21]。高锰酸钾具有强氧化性,且能够分解生成价态丰富的锰氧化物,能够对生物炭起到良好的改性效果。一方面能够通过氧化作用对生物炭的比表面积、孔隙结构、官能团等理化性质产生影响,另一方面其分解生成的锰氧化物具有较高的比表面积、较强的吸附和氧化能力以及在酸性和中性条件下稳定存在的优点,负载在生物炭上可提高污染物去除效率[22-23]。杉木是一种栽培广、生长快的树种,具有良好的生态和经济价值,本研究以杉木原木为原料,在700 ℃条件下烧制得到杉木生物炭,通过高锰酸钾在高温条件下改性生物炭,考察了改性后生物炭对水中噻虫胺的吸附性能及机理,为新烟碱类杀虫剂环境污染修复提供参考。
高锰酸钾改性生物炭对水中噻虫胺吸附性能及机理
Adsorption of clothianidin by potassium permanganate modified biochar in aqueous solution
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摘要: 以700 ℃热解制备的杉木生物炭(BC)为原料,采用高锰酸钾高温氧化法制备了改性生物炭(MnOx-BC),考察了其对广泛使用的新烟碱类杀虫剂噻虫胺的强化去除及作用机理。结果表明,高锰酸钾改性生物炭对噻虫胺的去除能力较原始生物炭有所提高,Langmuir模型拟合得到MnOx-BC对噻虫胺的最大吸附容量达到37 mg·g−1。MnOx-BC对噻虫胺的吸附动力学符合准二级动力学方程,颗粒内扩散模型拟合显示吸附过程分为3个阶段。MnOx-BC对噻虫胺的吸附过程属于单分子层吸附,不同pH条件下MnOx-BC比BC具有更好的吸附稳定性,共存离子Ca2+对MnOx-BC吸附抑制作用大于Na+。MnOx-BC对噻虫胺的吸附机理主要包括孔隙填充、π-π电子供体-受体相互作用、氢键作用和静电作用。Abstract: In this study, a type of biochar (BC) prepared from Chinese fir pyrolysis at 700℃ was taken as raw material, then the modified biochar (MnOx-BC) was prepared by potassium permanganate oxidation method. The enhanced removal effect and mechanism of clothianidin (CLO) by MnOx-BC were investigated. The results showed that CLO removal ability by potassium permanganate modified biochar was improved compared with the original biochar, and the maximum adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir model fitting was up to 37 mg·g−1. The kinetics of CLO adsorption by MnOx-BC was in accordance with the quasi-second-order kinetic equation, and the fitting of the diffusion model showed that the adsorption process was divided into three stages. The adsorption process of CLO on MnOx-BC belonged to monolayer adsorption. MnOx-BC had better adsorption stability than BC at different pHs, and the inhibition effect of Ca2+ on MnOx-BC adsorption capacity was greater than that of Na+. The adsorption mechanisms mainly included pore filling, π-π electron donor-acceptor interaction and hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- potassium permanganate /
- modification /
- clothianidin /
- adsorption
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表 1 BC和MnOx-BC的结构特征
Table 1. Structural characteristics of BC and MnOx-BC
吸附剂 比表面积/(cm3·g-1) 孔体积/(cm3·g-1) 平均孔径/nm 零电荷点 BC 440.27 0.227 2.06 6.82 MnOx-BC 493.45 0.255 2.58 7.22 表 2 BC和MnOx-BC吸附噻虫胺动力学参数
Table 2. Kinetic parameters of CLO adsorption by BC and MnOx-BC
吸附剂 准一级动力学方程 准二级动力学方程 q1/
(mg·g−1)k1/h−1 R2 q2/
(mg·g−1)k2/
(g·(mg·min)−1)R2 BC 17.56 1.87 0.900 18.81 0.15 0.964 MnOx−BC 19.48 2.23 0.877 21.13 0.15 0.944 表 3 BC和MnOx-BC吸附噻虫胺的颗粒内扩散方程拟合参数
Table 3. Fitting parameters of the intraparticle diffusion equation for CLO adsorption by BC and MnOx-BC
吸附剂 阶段1 阶段2 阶段3 k1 C1 R2 k2 C2 R2 k3 C3 R2 BC 11.32 4.26 0.990 3.99 0.972 0.972 0.11 18.72 0.595 MnOx-BC 14.41 4.52 0.974 3.38 11.88 0.957 0.52 20.22 0.891 表 4 BC和MnOx-BC吸附噻虫胺的吸附等温线拟合参数
Table 4. Fitting parameters of adsorption isotherms for BC and MnOx-BC toward CLO
吸附剂 温度
/℃Langmuir Freundlich qm/(mg g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) R2 1/n KF R2 BC 15 23.96 2.70 0.939 0.14 18.49 0.869 25 30.00 1.20 0.902 0.16 16.51 0.835 35 31.56 4.88 0.949 0.18 20.10 0.900 MnOx-BC 15 29.48 8.08 0.968 0.15 21.72 0.952 25 33.43 7.79 0.983 0.17 24.23 0.952 35 37.00 10.09 0.946 0.19 25.67 0.981 -
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