-
如果大量含重金属的废水、固废等未经妥善处理直接排入环境,会造成地表水重金属污染[1]。同时,多种重金属复合污染的问题也越来越普遍[2]。重金属进入环境后,会随食物链不断富集,最后通过直接或间接摄入的方式进入人体,引起多种疾病,因而一直受到环保学者的广泛关注[3-4]。重金属不能被降解,只能通过改变其形态或价态的方式来降低其迁移能力和生物有效性。通常,重金属污染水体的治理方法主要有化学沉淀法、氧化还原、生物处理和吸附法[5-7]。随着环保标准越来越严,急切需要更有效的方法来处理重金属复合污染。锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)和铬(Cr)是水体中很常见的重金属污染物。其中,Zn和Ni主要以阳离子的形式存在于水体中,而Cr主要以Cr2O72−、CrO42−等阴离子的形式存在于水体中。对于这些以不同离子形态共存的重金属复合污染水体,其处理难度更大。
零价铁(Fe0或ZVI)具有来源广泛、价格低廉、生态风险小和中等还原性(E0= -0.44V)的特点,已成为环境污染控制和修复的重要材料之一[8-10]。通过还原反应,Fe0可以处理标准电位比其高的重金属,例如Cr(Ⅵ)、Cu(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Ag(Ⅰ)、As(Ⅴ)和Se(Ⅵ)等[11-14],但对于标准电位与其非常接近的重金属元素(Ni(Ⅱ)或Zn(Ⅱ)),则主要依靠铁腐蚀产物的吸附和共沉淀作用,处理效果都不够理想[9,15]。不管是通过Fe0的直接还原,还是通过铁腐蚀产物的吸附和共沉淀,都必须保证Fe0腐蚀反应的持续进行,从而不断释放电子并且产生新的腐蚀产物。常规的Fe0体系,由于产生的三价铁腐蚀产物覆盖在Fe0表面,抑制了Fe0腐蚀反应的持续进行,从而容易导致Fe0表面钝化,这是限制Fe0技术被广泛应用的关键瓶颈[16]。为了延缓Fe0表面钝化,很多学者提出了不同的方法,如酸洗[17]、超声处理[18]、弱磁场[19]、双金属体系[20]等。TANG等[21-22]通过直接加入或反应生成Fe3O4,形成复合体系Fe0/Fe3O4,可显著提高Fe0对Se(Ⅵ)的还原速率。由于Fe3O4是半导体,不会阻碍电子传递,从而可以持续保持Fe0的活性。同时,利用Fe3O4的磁性,能实现固-液的快速分离。目前,大多数的研究是直接加入Fe3O4或利用化学反应生成Fe3O4。这样做操作比较麻烦,且难以保证只生成Fe3O4,往往是不同铁氧化物/氢氧化物的混合物。如果能通过简单的方法,在Fe0表面只生成Fe3O4,则在实际应用中将更方便。基于上述研究,本研究通过简便方法,原位制备了Fe0/Fe3O4复合体系,并且考察了该体系同时去除Zn2+、Ni2+和Cr(Ⅵ) 3种重金属的效果和机理;通过批处理实验和连续进出水的流化床反应器考察了不同反应条件对复合体系去除这3种重金属的影响;并借助XRD、SEM和XPS,探讨了对不同金属的去除机理。
Fe0/Fe3O4复合材料同时去除水中多种重金属的效果
Simultaneous removal of multiple heavy metals from water using Fe0/Fe3O4 composite materials
-
摘要: 零价铁(Fe0)具有中等还原性,可通过还原反应或通过铁腐蚀产物的吸附和共沉淀过程去除水中重金属。但由于铁表面易钝化,导致铁腐蚀反应难以持续,这是限制Fe0应用的关键。因此,本研究通过原位制备零价铁复合体系(Fe0/Fe3O4),并采用批处理和连续流的流化床反应器考察了该复合体系同时去除水中Zn2+、Ni2+和Cr(VI)的效果。XRD和SEM的结果表明,预处理可以在Fe0表面形成一层晶型完好的Fe3O4。相比Fe0,Fe0/Fe3O4体系可显著促进Zn2+、Ni2+和Cr(Ⅵ)的去除。在不同条件下,复合体系均能在几分钟内高效去除Cr(Ⅵ)(>99%),Zn2+的去除率较好(65%~93%),但Ni2+的去除率较差(25%~77%)。Fe0粒径越小、用量越多,重金属去除速率越快。在预处理制备复合体系时,Fe2+含量越高,残留的溶解性Fe2+也越高,由于竞争吸附作用,这会抑制Zn2+和Ni2+的吸附。当3种重金属共存时,少量(10 mg·L−1)的Cr(Ⅵ)会明显促进Zn2+和Ni2+的去除;但过多的Cr(Ⅵ),其促进作用有所减弱。流化床反应器的结果也证明了Fe0/Fe3O4能有效地同时去除Zn2+、Ni2+和Cr(Ⅵ),三者的去除速率为Cr(VI) > Zn2+> Ni2+,与批处理结果一致。Fe0用量越大,处理效果越好。不同氧化剂作为预处理剂时,氧气(曝气)的效果最好,其次是重铬酸钾和硝酸钾。XPS结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)可全部被还原为Cr(Ⅲ),Ni2+部分被还原为Ni0,部分以Ni(Ⅱ)的形式通过吸附或沉淀的方式被固定。本研究提出了一种有效解决Fe0表面钝化的方法,为Fe0用于水体重金属污染的修复方法提供参考。Abstract: Zero-valent iron (Fe0) is a type of metal with moderate reducibility, it can be used to remove heavy metals from water through Fe0 reduction, adsorption and/or co-precipitation by iron corrosion products. However, Fe0 corrosion reaction is not continuously occurred due to its surface passivation, which is the key step to limit the application of Fe0. In this study, Fe0/Fe3O4 hybrid system was prepared in situ by simple chemical method. Then simultaneous removal of Zn2+, Ni2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) from water by this hybrid system was investigated using batch experiment and fluidized bed reactor with continuous flow. The results showed that pretreatment could lead the coating of Fe3O4 with good crystal structure on Fe0 surface, which was identified by SEM and XRD. Compared with Fe0 alone, Fe0/Fe3O4 system significantly improved the removal efficiencies of Zn2+, Ni2+ and Cr(Ⅵ). Under different conditions, Cr(Ⅵ) could be almost completely (>99%) removed by the hybrid system in a few minutes, Zn2+ could be well removed with the efficiency of 65%~93%, while Ni2+ showed a low removal efficiency of 25%~77%. The smaller particle size and more dosage of Fe0 promoted heavy metals removal. During pretreatment, the higher Fe2+ concentration, the higher dissolved Fe2+, which could inhibit the adsorption of Zn2+ and Ni2+ due to competitive effect. The presence of low concentration of Cr(Ⅵ) (10 mg·L−1) could significantly promote the removal of Zn2+ and Ni2+ in the co-presence of these three heavy metals, but its promotion effect decreased in the presence of excessive Cr(Ⅵ). The results of fluidized bed reactor also proved that Fe0/Fe3O4 could effectively remove Zn2+, Ni2+ and Cr(Ⅵ) simultaneously. The order of removal efficiencies of three heavy metals was Cr(Ⅵ) > Zn2+> Ni2+, which was consistent with the results of batch experiment. The higher Fe0 dosage, the higher removal efficiencies of heavy metals. Oxygen (aeration) exhibited the best performance as a preconditioning agent during pretreatment, potassium dichromate and potassium nitrate followed. The results of XPS showed that Cr(Ⅵ) was totally reduced to Cr(Ⅲ), Ni2+ was partially reduced to Ni0, and a partial Ni2+ was absorbed or co-precipitated in the form of Ni(Ⅱ). This study presents a novel method to effectively overcome the iron surface passivation, and provides a theoretical reference for the application of zero-valent iron-based technology for heavy metal-polluted water treatment.
-
Key words:
- zero-valent iron /
- heavy metals /
- hybrid system /
- fluidized bed reactor /
- reduction
-
表 1 不同流化床反应器的操作参数
Table 1. Operation parameters of different fluidized bed reactors
条件
反应器铁粉粒径/
目铁粉浓度/
(g·L−1)预处理
氧化剂预处理氧化剂
浓度/(mg·L−1)水力停留
时间/h搅拌器转速/
(r·min−1)A 400 50 K2Cr2O7 20 5 700 B 400 70 K2Cr2O7 20 5 700 C 400 50 DO(曝气) / 5 700 D 400 50 KNO3 20 5 700 表 2 吸附动力学拟合参数
Table 2. Adsorption kinetics fitting parameters
重金属 铁粉粒径/目 准一级动力学 准二级动力学 qe/(mg·g−1) K1/(min−1) R2 qe/(mg·g−1) K2/(mg·(g·min)−1) R2 Zn 100 0.784 0.031 0.951 0.817 0.067 0.989 400 0.759 0.061 0.944 0.794 0.098 0.986 Ni 100 0.570 0.002 0.959 0.673 0.004 0.978 400 0.694 0.002 0.962 0.807 0.004 0.975 -
[1] WANG P, HU Y, CHENG H F. Municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration fly ash as an important source of heavy metal pollution in China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 252: 461-475. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.082 [2] ZHOU Q Q, YANG N, LI Y Z, et al. Total concentrations and sources of heavy metal pollution in global river and lake water bodies from 1972 to 2017[J]. Global Ecology and Conservation, 2020, 22: e925. [3] LIU X P, JIANG J, YAN Y, et al. Distribution and risk assessment of metals in water, sediments, and wild fish from Jinjiang River in Chengdu, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2018, 196: 45-52. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.135 [4] HUANG Y, CHEN Q Q, DENG M H, et al. Heavy metal pollution and health risk assessment of agricultural soils in a typical peri-urban area in southeast China[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 207: 159-168. [5] 李钰婷, 张亚雷, 代朝猛, 等. 纳米零价铁颗粒去除水中重金属的研究进展[J]. 环境化学, 2012, 31(9): 1349-1354. [6] 杨世迎, 任腾飞, 张艺萱, 等. 水环境中ZVI/氧化剂体系及其电子迁移作用机制[J]. 化学进展, 2017, 29(4): 388-399. doi: 10.7536/PC170133 [7] LINGAMDINNE L P, CHANG Y, YANG J, et al. Biogenic reductive preparation of magnetic inverse spinel iron oxide nanoparticles for the adsorption removal of heavy metals[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2017, 307: 74-84. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.08.067 [8] FU F L, DIONYSIOU D D, LIU H. The use of zero-valent iron for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment: A review[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2014, 267: 194-205. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.12.062 [9] ZOU Y D, WANG X X, KHAN A, et al. Environmental remediation and application of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its composites for the removal of heavy metal ions: A review[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016, 50(14): 7290-7304. [10] SUN Y L, LI J X, HUANG T L, et al. The influences of iron characteristics, operating conditions and solution chemistry on contaminants removal by zero-valent iron: A review[J]. Water Research, 2016, 100: 277-295. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.031 [11] LEWIS A S, HUNTINGTON T G, MARVIN-DIPASQUALE M C, et al. Mercury remediation in wetland sediment using zero-valent iron and granular activated carbon[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016, 212: 366-373. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.047 [12] 席冬冬, 李晓敏, 熊子璇, 等. 生物炭负载纳米零价铁对污染土壤中铜钴镍铬的协同去除[J]. 环境工程, 2020, 38(6): 58-66. [13] 张守秋, 岑洁, 吕德义, 等. 纳米零价铁去除水中重金属铅、铬离子的研究[J]. 高校化学工程学报, 2019, 33(3): 524-532. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-9015.2019.03.003 [14] WU Y X, WANG Y, HUANG X F, et al. Zerovalent iron in conjunction with surfactants to remediate sediments contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls and nickel[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 189: 479-488. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.038 [15] LING L, HUANG X Y, LI M R, et al. Mapping the reactions in a single zero-valent iron nanoparticle[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017, 51(24): 14293-14300. [16] GUAN X H, SUN Y K, QIN H J, et al. The limitations of applying zero-valent iron technology in contaminants sequestration and the corresponding countermeasures: The development in zero-valent iron technology in the last two decades (1994-2014)[J]. Water Research, 2015, 75: 224-248. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.034 [17] HAN W J, FU F L, CHENG Z H, et al. Studies on the optimum conditions using acid-washed zero-valent iron/aluminum mixtures in permeable reactive barriers for the removal of different heavy metal ions from wastewater[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 302: 437-446. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.041 [18] CHEN L, CHEN Z H C, CHEN D, et al. Removal of hexavalent chromium from contaminated waters by ultrasound-assisted aqueous solution ball milling[J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2017, 52: 276-283. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.04.006 [19] LEONEL A G, MANSUR A A P, MANSUR H S. Advanced functional nanostructures based on magnetic iron oxide nanomaterials for water remediation: A review[J]. Water Research, 2021, 190: 116693. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116693 [20] ELJAMAL O, THOMPSON I P, MAAMOUN I, et al. Investigating the design parameters for a permeable reactive barrier consisting of nanoscale zero-valent iron and bimetallic iron/copper for phosphate removal[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020, 299: 112144. doi: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112144 [21] TANG C L, HUANG Y H, ZENG H, et al. Reductive removal of selenate by zero-valent iron: The roles of aqueous Fe2+ and corrosion products, and selenate removal mechanisms[J]. Water Research, 2014, 67: 166-174. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.09.016 [22] TANG C L, HUANG Y H, ZHANG Z, et al. Rapid removal of selenate in a zero-valent iron/Fe3O4/Fe2+ synergetic system[J]. Applied Catalysis B:Environmental, 2016, 184: 320-327. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2015.11.045 [23] SU J J, CHEN H, WANG J L, et al. Enhanced dechlorination of carbon tetrachloride by Ni-doped zero-valent iron nanoparticles@magnetic Fe3O4(Ni4/Fe@Fe3O4) nanocomposites[J]. Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2021, 623: 126691. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126691 [24] YANG Z, MA X H, SHAN C, et al. Activation of zero-valent iron through ball-milling synthesis of hybrid Fe0/Fe3O4/FeCl2 microcomposite for enhanced nitrobenzene reduction[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2019, 368: 698-704. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.105 [25] WU B, JIA H C, YANG Z, et al. Enhanced removal of selenate from mining effluent by H2O2/HCl-pretreated zero-valentiron[J]. Water Science & Technology, 2018: 526/514878. [26] 秦泽敏, 董黎明, 刘平, 等. 零价纳米铁吸附去除水中六价铬的研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014, 34(12): 3106-3111. [27] LIANG W, DAI C M, ZHOU X F, et al. Application of zero-valent iron nanoparticles for the removal of aqueous zinc ions under various experimental conditions[J]. PloS One, 2014, 9(1): e85686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085686 [28] LI X Q, ZHANG W X. Sequestration of metal cations with zerovalent iron nanoparticles a study with high resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS)[J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2007, 111(19): 6939-6946. doi: 10.1021/jp0702189 [29] 桑丽. 鼠李糖脂改性纳米零价铁对镍污染土壤修复及机理研究[D]. 上海: 华东理工大学, 2021. [30] SANG L, WANG G H, LIU L, et al. Immobilization of Ni (II) at three levels of contaminated soil by rhamnolipids modified nano zero valent iron (RL@nZVI): Effects and mechanisms[J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 276: 130139. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130139 [31] Musić, S RistićM. Adsorption of trace elements or radionuclides on hydrous iron oxides[J]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 1988, 120(2): 289-304. doi: 10.1007/BF02037344 [32] MA L Y, DU Y G, CHEN S H, et al. Highly efficient removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by pinecone biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron coupling with Shewanella oneidensis MR-1[J]. Chemosphere, 2022, 287: 132184. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132184 [33] MIN X B, LI Q, ZHANG X M, et al. Characteristics, kinetics, thermodynamics and long-term effects of zerovalent iron/pyrite in remediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated soil[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021, 289: 117830. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117830 [34] 吕晓书. 稳定化纳来级零价铁的制备及对水中Cr(Ⅵ)的去除机制研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2015. [35] ARECO M M, SALEH-MEDINA L, TRINELLI M A, et al. Adsorption of Cu(II), Zn(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) by dead Avena fatua biomass and the effect of these metals on their growth[J]. Colloids and Surfaces B:Biointerfaces, 2013, 110: 305-312. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.04.035 [36] ARGUN M E, DURSUN S, OZDEMIR C, et al. Heavy metal adsorption by modified oak sawdust: Thermodynamics and kinetics[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2007, 141(1): 77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.095 [37] MAHDY A M, ZHANG T Q, LIN Z, et al. Zero-valent iron nanoparticles remediate nickel-contaminated aqueous solutions and biosolids-amended agricultural soil[J]. Materials, 2021, 14(10): 2655. doi: 10.3390/ma14102655 [38] LI Z, DONG H, ZHANG Y, et al. Enhanced removal of Ni(II) by nanoscale zero valent iron supported on Na-saturated bentonite[J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2017, 497: 43-49. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.02.058 [39] XIE Y Y, LU G T, TAO X Q, et al. A collaborative strategy for elevated reduction and immobilization of Cr(VI) using nano zero valent iron assisted by schwertmannite: Removal performance and mechanism[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2022, 422: 126952. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126952 [40] FU F L, HAN W J, TANG B, et al. Insights into environmental remediation of heavy metal and organic pollutants: Simultaneous removal of hexavalent chromium and dye from wastewater by zero-valent iron with ligand-enhanced reactivity[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2013, 232: 534-540. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.08.014