-
石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种类石墨烯层状二维结构的聚合物半导体,其内部七嗪环结构单元使其具有较高的化学和热稳定性,较低的带隙能量使其可有效吸收可见光[1-2],这些特性使g-C3N4成为具有较好应用前景的光催化材料。但在实际研究中发现,g-C3N4存在光生电子与空穴易于复合、比表面积小等不足[3],这在一定程度上限制了其光催化活性。研究人员通过将其与其他半导体材料复合[4]、助催化剂修饰[5]、染料敏化[6]、形貌结构优化[7]等方法,提高g-C3N4的可见光吸收能力和载流子迁移与分离效率,从而加强其催化效果。
利用碳量子点(CQDs)负载修饰半导体光催化剂,可以提高光的利用率和催化效率[8-9]。CQDs本身具有良好的导电性,既可以作为电子供体也可以作为电子受体[10],有利于光生电子的快速迁移。此外,由于CQDs光化学稳定性高,具有上转换性等特有光学性质[11]。HU等[12]制备了CQDs/BiOCOOH/uCN光催化剂,构建Z型电荷转移机制,引入CQDs作为电子穿梭桥,从而提高了磺胺噻唑降解率。因此,将CQDs引入g-C3N4,二者之间以π-π键相连[13],形成异质结结构,可有效抑制载流子空穴复合效率,从而增强材料的光催化活性。
本研究基于g-C3N4与CQDs的结构和性能特点,采用水热法制备了CQDs与g-C3N4质量比为10%的CQDs/g-C3N4复合光催化材料,且将其用于盐酸四环素的光催化降解,通过FESEM、FETEM、XRD、XPS以及UV-vis等方法表征了催化剂形貌和结构变化,并考察了该催化剂在可见光下对盐酸四环素的降解效果,进一步探究了CQDs/g-C3N4复合材料的光催化机制。
CQDs/g-C3N4的制备及其光催化降解四环素性能
Synthesis of CQDs/g-C3N4 for visible light photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline
-
摘要: 以三聚氰胺为原料,通过煅烧制得石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4),以柠檬酸和尿素作为碳量子点(CQDs)的碳源,采用水热法制备出CQDs/g-C3N4复合光催化材料。通过FESEM、FETEM、XRD、XPS、UV-vis对材料的形貌结构进行了表征,研究了其在可见光下降解盐酸四环素性能和机制。结果表明,CQDs的负载增强了材料的可见光吸收,提高了材料的光催化活性。在催化剂的投放量为0.3 g,pH=7的最适光催化反应条件下,光照110 min后,CQDs/g-C3N4复合材料对盐酸四环素的降解率达到99%。此外,CQDs/g-C3N4复合材料具有较高的稳定性和可重复利用性。CQDs/g-C3N4复合材料光催化反应是由·OH与h+主导的,CQDs的引入提高了载流子迁移和分离效率,从而提高了材料光催化降解盐酸四环素效率。Abstract: Graphite phase carbon nitride (g-C3N4) was synthesized by calcination of melamine, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were prepared from citric acid and carbamide. Then the CQDs/g-C3N4 composite photocatalytic materials were prepared by hydrothermal method. The morphology and structure of these materials were characterized by FESEM, FETEM, XRD, XPS and UV-VIS. Then, the performance and mechanism of tetracycline hydrochloride degradation by CQDs/g-C3N4 in visible light were studied. The results showed that CQDs loading enhanced the visible light absorption and photocatalytic activity of the materials. Furthermore, the degradation rate of the tetracycline hydrochloride in aqueous solution by CQDs/g-C3N4 reached 99% after 110 min visible light irradiation at CQDs/g-C3N4 dosage of 0.3 g and pH=7. In addition, CQDs/g-C3N4 composite material had good stability and recycling ability. The photocatalytic reaction of CQDs/g-C3N4 composite material was dominated by ·OH and H+, and the introduction of CQDs helped the migration and separation of the carriers, thereby improving the efficiency of the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride.
-
Key words:
- CQDs /
- g-C3N4 /
- photocatalytic materials /
- photocatalytic mechanism
-
-
[1] RAJENDRAN R, VIGNESH S, SUGANTHI S, et al. g-C3N4/TiO2/CuO S-scheme heterostructure photocatalysts for enhancing organic pollutant degradation[J]. Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2022, 161: 110391. doi: 10.1016/j.jpcs.2021.110391 [2] WU T F, HUANG J F, CHENG G, et al. Enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution based on ternary noble-metal-free Co3O4/CdS/g-C3N4 composite[J]. Materials Letters, 2020, 292: 129274. [3] 杨婷婷, 陈星, 陈长斌, 等. CeO2/g-C3N4光催化-芬顿高效降解盐酸强力霉素[J]. 环境工程学报, 2021, 15(8): 2576-2587. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202103134 [4] WANG J, WANG G H, WANG X, et al. 3D/2D direct Z-scheme heterojunctions of hierarchical TiO2 microflowers/g-C3N4 nanosheets with enhanced charge carrier separation for photocatalytic H2 evolution[J]. Carbon, 2019, 149: 618-626. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2019.04.088 [5] 李钱. 助催化剂修饰g-C3N4光催化还原CO2的性能优化与机理研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2020. [6] QIAN X B, PENG W, HUANG J H. Fluorescein-sensitized Au/g-C3N4 nanocomposite for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution under visible light[J]. Materials Research Bulletin, 2018, 102: 362-368. doi: 10.1016/j.materresbull.2018.02.056 [7] WANG H Q, SUN Z X, LI Q, et al. Surprisingly advanced CO2 photocatalytic conversion over thiourea derived g-C3N4 with water vapor while introducing 200–420 nm UV light[J]. Journal of CO2 Utilization. 2016, 14: 143-151. [8] 梁磊. 二氧化钛基光催化剂的制备及其降解性能研究[D]. 兰州: 兰州理工大学, 2021. [9] ZHANG J J, KUANG M, WANG J, et al. Fabrication of carbon quantum dots/TiO2/Fe2O3 composites and enhancement of photocatalytic activity under visible light[J]. Chemical Physics Letters, 2019, 730: 391-398. doi: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.06.011 [10] 于子洋. 氧化锌和碳量子点基复合材料的制备及其气敏性能研究[D]. 长春: 吉林大学, 2020. [11] WANG W, NI Y R, XU Z Z. One-step uniformly hybrid carbon quantum dots with high-reactive TiO2 for photocatalytic application[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2015, 622: 303-308. doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.10.076 [12] HU Z Z, XIE X Y, LI S, et al. Rational construct CQDs/BiOCOOH/uCN photocatalyst with excellent photocatalytic performance for degradation of sulfathiazole[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2021, 404: 126541. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.126541 [13] JIAN X, LIU X, YANG H M, et al. Construction of carbon quantum dots/proton-functionalized graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite via electrostatic self-assembly strategy and its application[J]. Applied Surface Science, 2016, 370: 514-521. doi: 10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.02.119 [14] 吴茂. 多级氮化碳基催化剂的可控构筑及其光催化产氢性能研究[D]. 武汉: 中国地质大学, 2019. [15] MI G K, WAN-KUEN J. Visible-light-activated N-doped CQDs/g-C3N4/Bi2WO6 nanocomposites with different component arrangements for the promoted degradation of hazardous vapors[J]. Journal of Materials Science & amp; Technology, 2020, 40(5): 168-175. [16] HONG Y Z, MENG Y D, ZHANG G Y, et al. Facile fabrication of stable metal-free CQDs/g-C3N4 heterojunctions with efficiently enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2016, 171: 29-237. [17] ZHOU J R, TIAN Y F, WU X, et al. Visible light photochemical vapor generation using metal-free g-C3N4/CQDs composites as catalyst: Selective and ultrasensitive detection of mercury by ICP-MS[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2017, 132: 319-326. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.02.016 [18] TANG C Y, LIU C, HAN Y, et al. Nontoxic carbon quantum dots/g-C3N4 for efficient photocatalytic inactivation of staphylococcus aureus under visible light[J]. Advanced Healthcare Materials, 2019, 8(10): 1801534. doi: 10.1002/adhm.201801534 [19] 周进, 丁玲, 张婷, 等. g-C3N4/CQDs光催化材料的制备及性能[J]. 精细化工, 2020, 37(4): 702-709. [20] KADI M W, MOHAMED R M, BAHNEMANN D W. MgFe2O4 decoration of g-C3N4 nanosheets to enhance CIP oxidation in visible-light photocatalysis[J]. Optical Materials, 2021, 121: 111598. doi: 10.1016/j.optmat.2021.111598 [21] INGRAM D B, LINICC S. Water splitting on composite plasmonic-metal/semiconductor photoelectrodes: evidence for selective plasmon-induced formation of charge carriers near the semiconductor surface[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2011, 133(14): 5202-5205. doi: 10.1021/ja200086g [22] CUI E T, LU G X. New evidence for the regulation of photogenerated electron transfer on surface potential energy controlled co-catalyst on TiO2–The investigation of hydrogen production over selectively exposed Au facet on Au/TiO2[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2014, 39(15): 7672-7685. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.03.010 [23] 郑凯. 改性氮化碳光催化材料的制备及其光催化性能研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2021. [24] WANG H, WU Y, FENG M, et al. Visible-light-driven removal of tetracycline antibiotics and reclamation of hydrogen energy from natural water matrices and wastewater by polymeric carbon nitride foam.[J]. Water Research, 2018, 144: 215-225. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.025 [25] 黄浩. Ultrathin g-C3N4/AgI异质结的原位构建及其光催化性能研究[D]. 大连: 大连理工大学, 2021. [26] ZHANG J, YUAN X Z, JIANG L B, et al. Highly efficient photocatalysis toward tetracycline of nitrogen doped carbon quantum dots sensitized bismuth tungstate based on interfacial charge transfer[J]. Journal of Colloid & Interface Science, 2018, 511: 296-306. [27] FENG S T, CHEN T, LIU Z C, et al. Z-scheme CdS/CQDs/g-C3N4 composites with visible-near-infrared light response for efficient photocatalytic organic pollutant degradation[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 704: 135404. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135404 [28] 陈鸿毅, 华涛, 李冬梅, 等. IL/GO/88A的制备及其对四环素的光催化降解性能[J]. 环境工程学报, 2021, 15(6): 1862-1872. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.202101127