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酸法地浸采铀即通过钻孔直接将酸性溶浸剂注入地下含矿水层使得其与矿物反应以获取铀的一种工艺。由于硫酸价格低廉、浸出能力强,酸法地浸采铀溶剂一般使用硫酸[1]。由于酸法地浸采铀人为改变了地下含水层的水文化学环境,酸法地浸采铀矿山退役后,矿层地下水中的硫酸、铀及重金属离子可能会污染矿区及周边的地下水环境[2-5]。还由于铀具有放射性与化学毒性,故对生态环境及人体健康存在潜在危害[6-7]。因此,酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水的修复是亟待研究解决的问题。
近年来,部分研究学者开始研究酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水的修复方法。目前,修复的主要方法有自然净化法、抽出处理法、微生物处理法、离子交换处理法及碱处理法等[8]。自然净化法[9-11]旨在利用天然环境条件实现水体净化。自然净化法具有环境友好的优点,但存在修复周期长及修复不彻底的缺点。抽出处理法[12-15]即将地下水抽出对其进行地表处理(如电渗析、反渗透法等),修复后的水再注入地下含水层。抽出处理的修复效果好,但存在修复成本高、修复周期长的缺点。微生物处理法[16-18]主要利用微生物及其代谢产物以实现铀的原位还原/矿化/吸附[19-21]。微生物修复无二次污染,但存在微生物适应性差及修复周期长的缺点。离子交换处理法[22-23]主要利用离子交换树脂等材料实现地下水中铀的分离,该方法修复效率高,但存在运行成本高的缺点。碱处理法[24-27]通过向地下水中注入碱性物质实现铀的沉淀/还原,此处理法具有修复效率高的优点,但存在易产生二次污染及处理成本高的缺点。因此,需研究修复成本低且无二次污染的碱性物质对酸性铀污染地下水进行修复。
硅酸盐、磷酸盐是一种绿色修复剂,其一般通过络合沉淀及共沉淀作用与地下水中污染物反应以达到修复的目的,其作用机制不会影响地下水的理化性质和结构,也不会产生二次污染。有研究表明,向退役铀矿采区地下含水层注入硅酸盐/磷酸盐可以固定地下水中的铀[28-31]。WEN等[32]研究了在Ca2+存在的条件下磷酸盐的加入对地下水中铀的固定作用,结果表明,磷酸根可与钙和铀结合形成三元表面复合物,从而可实现对铀污染地下水的修复。MEHTA等[33]研究了Na+与Ca2+在溶液中共存的情况下磷酸盐与铀的络合产物,结果表明,磷酸盐可与铀形成(Na2(UO2)2(PO4)2)和(Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2)络合物。SODERHOLM等[31]在水热处理条件下,向浓度为50 mmol·L−1的U(VI)溶液中加入硅酸钠,结果表明,在水热条件下硅酸钠可与铀反应形成硅铀矿沉淀,说明硅酸盐的加入可有效修复酸法地浸采铀退役采区铀污染地下水。也有研究表明,硅酸盐和磷酸盐通过共同作用可修复铀矿山退役采区污染地下水。如MASAKAZU等[34]研究了在硅酸钠存在的情况下,磷酸盐对合成酸性铀废水中铀的固定作用及硅酸盐/磷酸盐与铀作用产生的沉淀的形态和物理化学特性,结果表明,磷酸盐在反应过程中对铀的固定起到了重要作用。以上研究结果表明,硅酸盐和磷酸盐对酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水有良好的修复效果,但硅酸盐、磷酸盐在酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水的修复过程中会产生哪些作用,其作用机制如何,目前尚不明确。
因此,本研究拟从西北某酸法地浸采铀退役采区采取地下岩心样,同时制备了酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水的模拟水样,构建了模拟修复反应的微模型;向微模型中分别加入硅酸钠溶液、磷酸二氢钾溶液、硅酸钠-磷酸二氢钾混合溶液,分析了微模型中铀及金属阳离子浓度的变化;对反应结束后的沉淀产物进行了表征及机理分析。本研究结果对于深入了解硅酸盐和磷酸盐原位修复酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水的机理具有参考意义。
硅酸盐-磷酸盐对酸法地浸采铀退役采区模拟地下水的修复
Remediation effect of silicate-phosphate on simulated groundwater in the decommissioned mining area of acid in situ leach uranium mining
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摘要: 为探索酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水的原位修复技术,本研究先从西北某酸法地浸采铀退役采区采取地下岩心样,同时制备了酸法地浸采铀退役采区地下水模拟水样,构建模拟修复反应的微模型;再向微模型中分别加入硅酸钠溶液、磷酸二氢钾溶液、硅酸钠-磷酸二氢钾混合溶液以考察其对地下水的修复效果。结果表明:加入的硅酸钠-磷酸二氢钾与铀反应形成了胶磷钙铁矿(Ca6Fe9(PO4)9O6(H2O)6.3H2O)、偏钠铀矿物(Na(UO2)(PO4).3H2O)和(NaPUO6.3H2O)三种矿物;沉淀物中铁锰氧化物交换态铀的含量增加到了41%;铀的去除率达到了99.72%。Abstract: In order to explore the in-situ remediation technique for groundwater in the decommissioned mining area of acid in situ leaching uranium, silicate and phosphate, which are green remediation agents with low cost and no secondary pollution, was used to repair it. The sandstone uranium ore samples were firstly taken from a decommissioned area of acid in situ leach uranium mining in northwest China, the simulated water samples were prepared based on the groundwater in the decommissioned field, and the microcosm for simulating the remediation reaction in the groundwater was constructed. Then, sodium silicate solution, potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution and the mixed solution including both of them were added into the microcosms, respectively, and their remediation effects on groundwater were monitored. The results show that sodium silicate-potassium dihydrogen phosphate could react with uranium, and three minerals of mitridatite [Ca6Fe9(PO4)9O6(H2O)6.3H2O], metanatroautunite (Na(UO2)(PO4).3H2O) and (NaPUO6.3H2O) occurred. The content of Fe-Mn oxides-bound uranium increased to 41%, and the removal rate of uranium reached 99.72%.
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Key words:
- acid in situ leaching uranium /
- groundwater /
- in situ remediation /
- silicate /
- phosphate
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表 1 初始岩心样的主要化学成分
Table 1. Main chemical components of initial core samples
组名 名称 含量/% 组名 名称 含量/% 1 SiO2 72.86 13 U3O8 0.0150 2 Al2O3 19.90 14 V2O5 0.0136 3 K2O 3.54 15 Cr2O3 0.0130 4 Fe2O3 0.728 16 MnO 0.0099 5 CaO 0.690 17 ZrO2 0.0079 6 SO3 0.673 18 Rb2O 0.0055 7 MgO 0.531 19 La2O3 0.0036 8 TiO2 0.446 20 CuO 0.0034 9 P2O5 0.364 21 SrO 0.0031 10 Na2O 0.134 22 NiO 0.0026 11 ZnO 0.0267 23 Co3O4 0.0022 12 Cl 0.0169 24 WO3 0.0021 -
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