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随着我国餐饮、养殖、制药、食品和皮革等产业的发展,产生了大量的高氨氮废水,如果这些废水排入河流湖泊和地下水,会导致水体富营养化[1-2]。对于此类高氨氮废水,传统的硝化反硝化技术需要大量曝气,在碳氮比较低的情况下还需额外补充大量碳源,产生大量的经济成本。此外,传统的硝化反硝化技术脱氮效率较低,需要较长的水力停留时间(hydraulic retention time, HRT)和较大的占地面积,还会产生大量剩余污泥[3-4]。因此,亟需突破传统脱氮技术运行能耗高、脱氮效率低、占地面积大、剩余污泥产量多等技术瓶颈,开发一种节能、高效、省地和产泥量少的快速脱氮处理技术。厌氧氨氧化(anammox)是迄今最高效节能的脱氮方式[5-6],可以在不加碳源的条件下实现自养高负荷脱氮,污泥产量低。然而,厌氧氨氧化菌(anAOB)的自养性和生长缓慢增加了污水处理工艺的启动期[7]。因此,加快anAOB的生长速率,实现anammox工艺的快速启动及高效脱氮,对于anammox的推广应用及污水处理运行节能减排具有重要的现实意义。
目前文献中报道的anAOB的倍增周期为10~20 d,anAOB的缓慢生长导致反应器启动时间较长[8]。全球第一座大规模anammox污水处理厂于2002年在鹿特丹建成并投入运行,启动耗时3.5 a,比预期的2 a要长[9]。anAOB的缓慢生长速度和底物的抑制作用以及控制复杂等使得anammox工艺实际应用受到限制[10]。以前的研究通常在反应器中接种厌氧污泥[11]、硝化污泥[12]、反硝化污泥[13],甚至anammox絮凝污泥[14],但由于群落中anammox丰度较低,这些策略通常必须在低进水负荷下启动,导致启动时间更长。显然,尽管anammox工艺已经研究了20多年,但启动周期长仍是其实际应用的主要障碍[15-16]。
Anammox颗粒污泥相对于絮体污泥具有较强的环境适应能力和脱氮性能[17-18],将其作为接种污泥将有助于anammox的启动。此外,贾方旭等[13]关于anAOB与其他细菌之间的协同竞争关系的研究表明,anAOB与硝化菌和反硝化菌在不同条件下存在竞争和协同关系。然而,利用anAOB与其他菌群之间的协同作用加速anammox启动的研究则相对较少,同时硝化菌和反硝化菌相对于anAOB更容易获得。因此,本研究的重点是接种少量成熟anammox颗粒污泥到含有硝化污泥和反硝化污泥的反应器,以验证接种少量anammox颗粒污泥,利用菌群协同机制是否可实现anammox工艺快速启动,并通过氮素转化和氮平衡的计算分析了anammox反应器的脱氮性能,同时采用高通量技术分析了anammox反应器中微生物群落丰度的变化规律。
低接种量条件下实现厌氧氨氧化快速启动的策略
Strategy on fast start-up of anaerobic ammonia oxidation under low inoculation conditions
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摘要: 厌氧氨氧化(Anaerobic ammonia oxidation, anammox)是目前最高效节能的脱氮方式,可以在不加碳源的条件下实现自养高负荷脱氮。然而,厌氧氨氧化菌(Anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacterial, anAOB)因其生长缓慢,会导致污水处理工艺的启动周期较长。因此,为缩短anammox的启动周期,设置了3种不同污泥接种方式(A:接种500 mg·L−1 anAOB; B:接种500 mg·L−1 anAOB+5 000 mg·L−1反硝化菌;C:接种500 mg·L−1 anAOB+5 000 mg·L−1硝化菌)开展anammox启动实验,分析了底物浓度对脱氮效果的影响以及不同接种条件下微生物群落的差异。结果表明,采用向反应器投加500 mg·L−1 anAOB+5 000 mg·L−1反硝化菌的接种方式,可以实现anammox的快速启动;启动30 d后,总氮去除效率(nitrogen removal rate, NRR)可达1.41 kg·(m3·d)−1以上。微生物群落分析结果表明,反应器中主要存在的anAOB为Candaditue Kuenenia;与单独接种anammox污泥相比,接种反硝化污泥和anammox污泥会使Candaditue Kuenenia的相对丰度提高了40.0%,从而使脱氮效率提高了31.2%。底物浓度对anammox过程的影响结果表明,进水
${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ -N质量浓度达到500 mg·L−1时会导致游离亚硝酸(FNA)浓度升高,而当FNA质量超过0.05 mg·L−1时,会严重影响anAOB活性,导致反应器出水水质波动;通过降低进水${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ -N浓度,可以使系统恢复。以上研究结果说明,通过接种反硝化菌和anAOB的方式可实现anammox的快速启动,加速实现anammox工艺在污水处理中大规模应用。Abstract: Anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) was by far the most efficient and energy-saving method of nitrogen removal, which achieved autotrophic and high-load nitrogen removal without adding carbon sources. However, the slow growth characteristic of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (anAOB) prolonged the start-up period of wastewater treatment process. Therefore, in order to shorten the start-up cycle of anammox, three sludge inoculation methods (A inoculation with 500 mg·L−1 anAOB; B inoculation with 500 mg·L−1 anAOB+5 000 mg·L−1 denitrifying bacteria; C inoculation with 500 mg·L−1 anAOB+5 000 mg·L−1 nitrifying bacteria) were set up to conduct experiment of anammox. The effect of substrate concentration on the nitrogen removal and the difference of microbial community under different inoculation conditions were analyzed. The results indicated that the method of inoculating low-concentration anammox sludge (500 mg·L−1) and denitrification sludge (5 000 mg·L−1) achieved a rapid start of anammox, and the nitrogen removal rate (NRR) exceeded 1.41 kg·(m3·d)−1 after 30 days. The result of microbial analysis showed that the main anammox bacteria in the reactor was Candidatus Kuenenia. Comparing with the inoculation with anammox sludge alone, the abundance of Candaditue Kuenenia in the inoculation with denitrification sludge and anammox sludge increased by 40.0%, thereby the nitrogen removal efficiency increased by 31.2%. The result of the effect of substrate load showed that when the concentration of${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $ -N reached 500 mg·L−1, the concentration of free nitrous acid (FNA) increased, FNA concentration exceeding 0.05 mg·L−1 would seriously affect the activity of anAOB and caused the unstable quality of effluent. The system could be restored by reducing the nitrite nitrogen concentration of influent. These results indicated the rapid start of anammox could be achieved by inoculating denitrifying bacteria and anAOB, which will accelerate the large-scale application of the anammox process in sewage treatment.-
Key words:
- anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox) /
- fast start-up /
- inoculation /
- nitrogen removal /
- microorganism
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表 1 厌氧氨氧化反应器不同阶段的运行参数
Table 1. Operating parameters of different stages of anammox reactor
阶段 运行时间/
d进水NH3-N
质量浓度/
(mg·L−1)进水 -N${\rm{NO}}_2^{-} $
质量浓度/
(mg·L−1)R HRTa/h NLR b/
(kg·(m3·d)−1)I 1~6 100 100 0 12 0.8 7~28 100 100 0 6 1.6 29~48 150 150 0 4 1.8 49~54 300 300 1 5 2.88 II 55~65 500 500 1 8 3 66~76 500 500 2 9 2.67 77~96 500 500 2 12 2 III 97~116 400 400 1 8 2.4 注:a HRT为水力停留时间;b NLR为总氮负荷。 -
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