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市政污泥是城市污水处理过程中不可避免的副产物,其含水率高、有机质含量高、成分复杂,并且含有大量的寄生虫卵、病原微生物和一定量的重金属[1]。近年来,市政污泥的产量也在不断增加,预计2025年我国污泥年产量将突破9×107 t,污泥处理处置已成为一项亟待解决的难题[2]。污泥的主要处置方式包括卫生填埋、农业利用、干化焚烧、建筑材料利用等,我国较大部分污泥采用填埋方式,约占我国污泥总处置量的65%[3]。
由于我国早期污水处理厂存在着“重水轻泥”的现象,导致已填埋污泥的含水率过高,力学性质较差。而填埋场的库容有限,随着污泥产量的逐年增加,目前国内许多城市的填埋场,例如上海老港、成都长安、深圳下坪、杭州天子岭的填埋场的库容已经严重不足[4-5],为此,许多填埋场要求将填埋污泥的含水率从80%降低至60%以下,这样可以增加至少50%的填埋库容[6]。但是,由于污泥有机质含量高、结合水含量高、亲水性强,单一的机械处理很难将污泥含水率降低至60%以下,需结合一定的预处理方法将污泥的胞外聚合物(EPS)破解,释放出自由水后再进行脱水减量处理[7]。当前填埋污泥的深度脱水通常采用“化学调理+板框压滤”的方法[8],该方法需将污泥从填埋库中挖出,运输到指定场地后再进行处理,存在着成本高、易对环境造成二次污染的问题,因此,需寻找一种高效、环保的污泥原位处理方法。
真空预压法具有施工工艺简单、成本低等优点,是软土地基原位处理的一种有效方法[9-11]。近年来,将化学预调理与真空预压相结合的工艺已逐渐被应用于填埋污泥原位处理[3,8,12-16],该工艺在一定程度上能够实现污泥的原位减量,但是仍存在易产生臭气污染、难以保证药剂调理均匀等问题。为了寻找更加环保高效的填埋污泥原位处理方法,有研究者提出了冻融联合真空预压填埋污泥原位处理技术[17-18]。冻融的原理是污泥被冷冻时,冷冻过程中不断生长的冰晶会破坏污泥细胞膜的完整性,使细胞脱水、收缩或溶解,使胞外聚合物释放到上清液中[19];同时,冻融后污泥中小颗粒团聚成大颗粒,能显著提高污泥的脱水性能,而且冻融循环可显著提高污泥的渗透系数[20-21]。
有研究表明,采用冻融联合真空预压法处理填埋污泥时,在出水量、出水速率、沉降量、减量比、含水率均优于药剂预调理方法[18],但其在实验过程中并没有使用实际真空预压过程中的塑料排水板;塑料排水板作为真空预压的负压传递通道和排水通道,其性能对真空固结效率和效果有着显著影响[22]。根据芯板与滤膜的复合方式不同,目前工程界常采用分离式和整体式2种塑料排水板,在普通土体真空预压中,已有这2种排水板类型的对比研究[10, 23-24]。但是,污泥作为一种胶体状生物固体,其工程性质显著不同于软土和吹填土,但目前鲜有考察不同排水板类型对填埋污泥真空固结效果的研究。
本研究开展了不同排水板类型填埋污泥冻融-真空对比研究。首先,对填埋污泥进行冻融预处理;随后进行室内真空预压模型实验,分别设置分离式排水板(SPVD)与整体式排水板(IPVD)对照组;最后,通过对比出水量、减量比、含水率等数据,探究该法处理填埋污泥的宏观效果,并且通过压汞、电镜扫描等微观实验,探究冻融后污泥在真空预压过程中微观结构变化特性。
不同类型排水板对“冻融-真空预压”法原位处理填埋污泥工艺中污泥脱水效果的影响
Comparative test on the effect of freeze-thaw vacuum preloading on landfill sludge under different types of plastic drainage boards
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摘要: 针对药剂真空预压法处理填埋污泥通常存在污染的问题,利用更加环保高效的冻融-真空预压法进行处理,并采用室内模型箱实验,探究了排水板类型 (分离式和整体式) 对冻融污泥真空固结效果的影响。结果表明,当原始污泥含水率为86%,经冻融联合真空预压处理后,含水率最低可降至59.5%,这一含水率可达到我国填埋污泥的规范要求;整体式排水板与分离式排水板最终出水量差别不大,但整体式排水板的含水率沿径向分布更均匀。整体式排水板与分离式排水板孔径分布差异明显,分离式排水板主要以小孔分布为主,而整体式排水板主要以微孔和介孔为主,整体式排水板结构更加致密,固结程度高;整体式排水板的减量比为63.6%,分离式排水板的减量比为61.9%,总体上整体式排水板的减量比略优于分离式排水板。本研究结果可为冻融真空预压原位处理填埋污泥提供参考。Abstract: Many cities in China are facing severe problems of in-situ sludge reduction from landfills. In view of the shortage of chemical preconditioning combined with vacuum preloading method in treating landfill sludge, a more environmental friendly and efficient freeze-thaw vacuum preloading method was proposed, and the indoor model box test was used to explore the influence of plastic drainage plate type (separate type and integral type) on the vacuum consolidation effect of freeze-thawed sludge. The results showed that the water content of the original sludge was 86%, after freeze-thaw combined with vacuum preloading treatment, the water content was reduced to 59.5%, which meets the requirements of China's landfill sludge specification. The final water discharge of the integral plastic drainage board (IPVD) and the separate plastic drainage board (SPVD) had little difference, but the water content of the IPVD was more evenly distributed along the radial direction. The pore size distribution of the IPVD was significantly different from that of the SPVD. The pore size distribution of the SPVD was mainly small pores, while the IPVD was mainly micropores and mesoporous. The structure of the IPVD was more compact and had a higher degree of consolidation. The volume reduction ratio of IPVD was 63.6%, and that of SPVD was 61.9%. On the whole, the volume reduction ratio of IPVD was slightly better than that of SPVD. The research results had certain guiding significance for in-situ treatment of landfill sludge by freeze-thaw combined with vacuum preloading.
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表 1 污泥基本物理指标
Table 1. Basic physical indexes of sludge
比重 含水率/% 密度/(g·cm−3) 有机质/% 液限/% 塑限/% 1.8 86 1.13 40 184 111 -
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