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白洋淀为华北平原最大的半封闭式浅水湖泊,淀区物种丰富,多数水域大型水生植物覆盖度为60%左右。经调查,白洋淀共有水生植物39种,隶属于19科30属,其中分布面积较广的优势群落有芦苇群落、狭叶香蒲群落、金鱼藻群落等[1]。水生植物构成了白洋淀湿地独特的环境生态,然而由于收割不及时、管护不到位,湿地水生植被残体在水体中大量堆积、腐烂,导致水体溶解氧降低、透明度减少[2],水体恶臭,氮、磷等有机物浓度升高,并释放多种硫化物(硫醇、甲硫醚、二甲基二硫醚等),引发生态灾害[3]。沈爱春等[4]在太湖进行的原位实验发现,蓝藻的集聚死亡会导致水体的溶解氧降低,水体营养盐含量迅速增加,TN和
${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ -N的浓度可增加16倍和48倍;胡红伟等[5]以白龟湖湿地优势植物菖蒲和芦苇为研究对象,证实倒伏腐解初期水体${\rm{NH}}_4^{+} $ -N、TP、COD 浓度都急剧升高,并对沉积物理化性质有较大影响。藕翔等[6]的研究表明,沉水植物苦草在腐解期间水体pH会上升,而在腐解初期会急剧耗氧,使水质恶化。因此,开展相关探索并选择合适的技术治理水生植物残体堆积、腐烂造成的问题,是当前迫切需要研究的课题。好氧堆肥是固体废弃物资源化处理的有效技术之一,已在沉水植物“减量化、无害化”处理方面有诸多应用[7]。沉水植物与非沉水植物相比,具有氮、磷、钾等营养元素丰富、含水量高、C/N低等特点。程花等[8]通过分析马来眼子菜、金鱼藻等6种沉水植物的理化性质,证实了沉水植物堆肥的可行性。王亚等[9]以麦秸和树叶为辅料,提高了沉水植物堆肥的腐熟度。陆伟东等[10]利用水葫芦与猪粪混合堆肥,王丽芬等[11]利用水葫芦与污泥混合堆肥,均取得了满意的堆肥效果。王亚梅[12]的研究结果表明,生物炭的添加可显著提高猪粪堆肥的腐熟度。有研究表明,在有机废弃物堆肥中添加生物质炭可提高堆体温度,延长堆肥高温持续的时间,减少氮素损失[13]。卢妙[14]证实了秸秆-污泥基生物炭的添加有利于污泥堆肥,同时在制备生物炭的过程中消耗了大量污泥,可更大程度的使脱水污泥减量化及无害化。NIGUSSIE等[15]通过荟萃分析发现,微生物菌剂对堆肥总氮(+30%)、总磷(+46%)、C/N(−31%)、腐殖化指数(+60%)和种子发芽指数(+28%)等堆肥腐熟指标均有明显的积极作用。张秧等[16]的研究表明,在小麦秸秆中添加微生物菌剂对腐殖质的形成有一定的促进作用。以上研究已证实,好氧堆肥是沉水植物利用的有效途径,生物炭、湿地底泥和微生物菌剂作为调理剂均可促进堆肥进程、提高堆肥品质,但以上调理剂对沉水植物堆肥腐熟的影响有待进一步研究。
本研究以白洋淀湿地大型沉水植物(金鱼藻和马来眼子菜)为研究对象,以生物炭、湿地底泥和微生物菌剂为调理剂,通过对比不同调理剂处理下好氧堆肥各处理组的理化及生物学指标,探明不同调理剂对堆肥腐熟效果的影响,提出沉水植物堆肥腐熟的科学调控方法,以期为改善白洋淀水体环境和沉水植物的资源化利用方式提供新思路。
不同调理剂对2种沉水植物好氧堆肥腐熟效果的影响
Effects of different conditioners on the maturity enhancement of two kinds of submerged plants composting
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摘要: 为探讨大型沉水植物资源化利用的新途径,防止二次污染,以白洋淀较为丰富的沉水植物为原料,选择湿地底泥、生物炭和微生物菌剂为调理剂进行堆肥实验,共设置6个处理组及2个对照组,以研究不同调理剂对沉水植物好氧堆肥腐熟效果的影响。结果表明,同时添加湿地底泥和生物炭的2个处理组能明显加快堆肥进程,温度可迅速升高到54.8和54.4 ℃,且高温持续时间更长;添加自制微生物菌剂处理组的有机质消耗率和全氮增长率显著高于添加复合微生物菌剂的处理组,添加生物炭和湿地底泥处理组堆肥产品的腐殖化指数(HA/FA)更高;半纤维素、纤维素和木质素的最大降解率分别为43.94%、26.92%和13.54%;堆肥结束时,所有处理的种子发芽指数均大于100%。自制微生物菌剂能显著影响碳、氮的转化进程;而生物炭能更能促进堆肥形成稳定的腐殖质,其腐熟效果较湿地底泥也更加显著。Abstract: In order to explore new ways of resource utilization of submerged plants and prevent the secondary pollution, this study used the richer submerged plants in Baiyangdian as raw materials, and selected wetland sediment, biochar and microbial agents as conditioners for composting experiments. A total of six treatment groups and two control groups were set up to study the effects of different conditioners on the quality of aerobic composting products of submerged plants. The results showed that the two treatment groups added with Sediment and biochar could significantly accelerate the composting process, the temperature raised to 54.8 and 54.4 ℃ rapidly, and the high temperature lasted longer. The consumption rate of organic matter and the growth rate of total nitrogen in the treatment group with homemade biological inoculants were significantly higher than those in the treatment group with compound microbial inoculants, and the humification index (HA/FA) of the composting product of the treatment group added with biochar and Sediment was higher. The maximum degradation rates of hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin were 43.94%, 26.92% and 13.54%, respectively. At the end of composting, the seed germination index of all treatments was greater than 100%. This research showed that homemade biological inoculants could significantly affect the conversion process of carbon and nitrogen; while biochar could promote composting to form humus stable, and its maturity enhancement was more significant than that of sediment.
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Key words:
- submerged plants /
- aerobic composting /
- wetland sediment /
- biochar /
- microbial inoculants
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表 1 堆肥原料特征参数
Table 1. Characteristic parameters of composting raw material
% 供试材料 总有机质 全氮 半纤维素 纤维素 木质素 沉水植物 84.62 1.33 15.8 29.2 8.9 干鸡粪 63.11 3.62 — — — 堆肥物料 76.36 2.69 7.62 15.9 4.88 注:堆肥物料为沉水植物(金鱼藻∶马来眼子菜=1∶1)与干鸡粪按一定比例混合。 表 2 实验因素水平表
Table 2. Standard table of experimental
处理组别 湿地底泥/% 生物炭/% 菌剂类型 CK-C 0 0 复合微生物菌剂 S-C 10 0 复合微生物菌剂 B-C 0 2 复合微生物菌剂 SB-C 10 2 复合微生物菌剂 CK-H 0 0 自制微生物菌剂 S-H 10 0 自制微生物菌剂 B-H 0 2 自制微生物菌剂 SB-H 10 2 自制微生物菌剂 注:CK为对照组,S代表湿地底泥,B代表生物炭,SB代表湿地底泥+生物炭,C代表复合微生物菌剂,H代表自制微生物菌剂。 -
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