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近年来,污水处理厂的出水,甚至再生水中,均检测出了未代谢药物、内分泌干扰物等生物难降解有机物[1]。虽然其浓度较低,但在大水量排放的情况,其在环境中会不断积累,存在一定的生态风险[2]。其中,以双酚A(bisphenol A,BPA)为代表的一类内分泌干扰物最为典型[3]。由于塑料制品的广泛应用,BPA已经在野生动物和人体中被大量发现。因此,对于该类污染物的深度处理受到了广泛的关注。大量研究者通过吸附[4]、膜分离[5]等物化方法尝试对BPA进行针对性去除,取得了较好的效果。然而,这些方法通常存在去除效率低、操作复杂等缺点。因此,开发高效的BPA去除技术迫在眉睫。
高级氧化技术(advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)是一种通过氧化剂产生强氧化性的活性自由基,将难降解有机物直接矿化或分解成无毒小分子的水处理技术。该技术近年来在水处理领域得到越来越广泛的研究和应用,其中以芬顿工艺最为常见[6-7]。在该工艺体系中双氧水在特定pH环境下,被Fe2+活化从而产生羟基自由基(·OH),通过其极强的氧化性实现水中难降解有机物的降解或矿化。但芬顿技术存在化学污泥产量大、氧化性能相对不足的问题[8]。此外,芬顿氧化通常要求酸性反应环境,这在实际生产应用中极大增加了工艺的复杂程度,限制了其推广应用。为了解决这些问题,基于硫酸根自由基(
${\rm{SO}}_4^{ \cdot - }$ )的高级氧化技术成为近年来极具潜力的生物难降解污染物的处理技术。${\rm{SO}}_4^{ \cdot -} $ 可通过活化过一硫酸盐(peroxymonosulfate,PMS)和过硫酸盐产生(peroxydisulfate,PDS)。由于其具有较宽的pH适用范围、较高的氧化还原电位(2.5~3.1 V),因此,展现出了优于芬顿氧化技术的良好性能[9]。大量研究表明,通过过渡金属[10]、紫外线[11-12]、热[13]、超声等过程[14],可以显著活化过硫酸盐从而实现对有机物的降解。其中,过渡金属活化由于不需要外加能量而成为主流的研究方向。相对于均相过渡金属反应体系,采用非均相催化剂活化PMS具有能够抑制金属离子溶出、不易造成二次污染等优点。其中,铁氧体MFe2O4(M = Co, Mn, Cu, Zn等)是最广泛使用的催化剂之一。在不同的过渡金属铁氧体中,钴铁氧体在活化PMS过程中表现出了最佳的催化性能[15]。但由于钴本身具有生物毒性,溶出到污水中易产生二次污染,这使得毒性较低的锰成为了一个良好的替代选择[16]。有研究表明,铁锰氧化物中铁的存在可以显著增强体系对有机物和PMS的吸附作用,从而为锰进一步活化PMS并降解污染物提供先决条件[17]。同时,铁的存在亦可一定程度上抑制锰的溶出,使催化剂具有良好的稳定性。因此,制备锰铁氧体,使其活化过硫酸盐用于有机物的降解的可行性较高。值得注意的是,在过渡金属氧化物活化PMS的过程中,通常认为体系产生的大量自由基与一定量的单线态氧是实现污染物降解的主要途径。然而,有机物与过渡金属氧化物表面吸附态PMS之间是否存在直接电子传递作用,并导致其对污染物降解产生贡献,尚缺乏相关报道。
本研究通过水热法合成了基于Mn/Fe的双金属有机框架材料,通过对其进行适宜的热处理,制备了传质效率良好的锰铁氧体催化剂。通过场发射扫描电镜、X射线衍射分析,X射线光电子能谱等手段对所制备催化剂的基础物化性质进行了详细的表征,并使其耦合PMS构建了非均相的硫酸根自由基高级氧化体系,用于目标污染物BPA的降解。实验中考察了催化剂投加量、氧化剂投加量、pH对降解效果的影响,并通过顺磁共振、自由基淬灭实验、电化学分析等手段,对过程机理进行了深入分析。
锰铁氧体活化PMS降解双酚A的过程机制
The mechanism of BPA degradation in a system of peroxymonosulfate activated by a Mn/Fe bimetallic oxide catalysts
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摘要: 针对污水处理厂的出水中检测出了未代谢药物、内分泌干扰物等生物难降解有机物的问题,通过制备Mn/Fe双金属氧化物催化剂MnFeO,并耦合过一硫酸盐(PMS)构建了基于PMS活化的高级氧化体系,以降解废水中的BPA。结果表明,由于活化位点丰度的提升,所构建体系的氧化性能随着催化剂投加量的增加而增加;过高的PMS浓度会触发体系的自淬灭效应,从而导致污染物降解性能降低;该体系在不同pH条件下均表现出了良好的污染物降解性能,由于PMS稳定性的变化,弱碱性环境可显著提升体系的氧化性能。催化剂在循环使用过程中的催化性能有明显衰减,但可通过在空气气氛中的煅烧实现性能恢复。顺磁共振分析和自由基淬灭实验结果表明,体系中产生的自由基与单线态氧是PMS分解形成的主要活性物种;而电化学分析结果表明,污染物与MnFeO-PMS复合体之间存在直接电子传递过程,通过活性物种与直接电子传递过程实现了有机污染物的降解。以上研究结果可为锰铁双金属氧化物活化PMS提供参考。Abstract: In order to remove the metabolized drugs, endocrine disruptors and some other bio-refractory organic compounds in the effluent of the sewage treatment plant, a Mn/Fe bimetallic oxide (MnFeO) was synthesized to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA). The results showed that the increased catalysts dosage could effectively elevate the BPA degradation efficiency. Excessive addition of PMS would decrease the BPA degradation due to the radical quenching effect caused by PMS. MnFeO/PMS exhibited BPA degradation performance in a wide pH range, where slight basic condition would enhance the BPA degradation performance due to the instability of PMS at basic solution. The activation performance of MnFeO slightly decreased with the consecutively runs, which could be effectively recovered through the calcination of the used MnFeO in air at 450 ℃. EPR analysis and quench experiment proved the generation of radicals and singlet oxygen involved in the reaction. It was further revealed that direct electron-transfer from BPA to MnFeO/PMS also contributed to the degradation of BPA. The results of this study provided sufficient information for the Mn/Fe bimetallic oxide activated PMS system.
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Key words:
- AOPs /
- PMS /
- manganese ferrite /
- mechanism /
- degradation
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