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传统饮用水处理工艺不仅存在占地面积大、难以模块化、智能化等问题,对细菌、病毒等微生物的截留效果也较差,不利于水质安全。随着材料科学的发展,以超滤为核心的第3代饮用水净化工艺得以广泛应用,一些超滤饮用水厂规模甚至超过了106 m3·d−1[1-2]。较小的孔径使得超滤替代了传统工艺的过滤单元,出水浊度较低且稳定,并能有效去除细菌[3]。但是,运行过程中污染物不可避免地接触膜表面,甚至引起严重膜污染,进而造成膜法水处理工艺运行维护成本增加、膜使用寿命缩短等问题,从而一定程度上限制了超滤膜的推广应用[4-6]。
混凝作为饮用水处理工艺的核心环节已有百年之久的应用历程,该工艺中,水解形成的絮体在静电吸附、网捕卷扫等作用下能有效地去除污染物。基于此,为有效减缓膜污染,研究者逐渐研发了基于混凝预处理的膜法处理工艺:长流程常规膜滤工艺(混凝-沉淀-膜滤)、短流程膜滤工艺(混凝-膜滤)和一体式膜滤工艺(吸附剂直接注入膜池)。与短流程工艺和一体式工艺相比,尽管常规膜滤工艺去除污染物效果良好,但占地面积相对较大,且经过沉淀处理后,残留的小颗粒物质易形成致密滤饼层,加剧膜污染;而在短流程膜滤工艺中,原水经混凝单元后直接进入膜池,污染物去除效率得以保证,占地面积小,混凝出水的颗粒粒径较大,形成的滤饼层疏松,但膜池内大颗粒絮体极易沉淀,导致排泥量较大[7]。因此,将吸附剂直接注入膜池的一体式膜滤工艺逐渐受到关注。
以往关于一体式膜滤工艺的研究中,多以颗粒型的吸附剂为主,如活性炭、纳米铁、碳纳米管甚至砂砾石等[8-10]。然而长期运行过程中不仅存在刮伤膜表面的风险,且部分吸附剂价格昂贵。已有的研究工作表明通过使用松散且吸附效能强的混凝剂水解絮体,能有效解决上述问题[11-13],但多数研究仍处于小试阶段且污染负荷较小。为此,本研究中以江苏常州某河流的水样为原水,从药剂种类与投加量等因素初步考察了一体式絮体-超滤膜组合工艺的中试运行情况,以期为膜法水处理工艺提供参考。
基于絮体吸附的一体式超滤工艺中试运行效果
A pilot-scale study of the integrated ultrafiltration process with floc adsorption
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摘要: 基于吸附的一体式超滤工艺因其占地面积小等优势逐渐受到关注。然而,已有研究多采用粉末活性炭、纳米铁、甚至砂砾石等颗粒型吸附剂,不仅运行过程中存在刮伤膜表面的风险,且缺乏实际运行参数。混凝剂水解絮体松散且吸附效能强,为此,以江苏常州某河流水样为原水,考察了基于絮体吸附的一体式超滤工艺中试运行效能。结果表明,运行过程中滤饼层是引起超滤膜污染的主要原因;相比粉末活性炭(powdered activated carbon, PAC)和铁盐絮体,一体式铝盐絮体-超滤工艺运行效果较差;与PAC相比,松散的絮体使得一体式铁盐-超滤工艺膜表面滤饼层较薄,膜污染负荷较低,缓解膜污染的效果更优;与单独超滤膜处理相比,投加最优剂量的粉末活性炭和铁盐后分别将运行时间延长71.4%和100%;加氯预处理能灭活膜池内微生物,但仅在一定程度上减缓了膜污染。对于出水水质,一体式铁盐絮体-超滤工艺平均出水浊度低于0.1 NTU,出水铁的质量浓度低于国家饮用水水质标准(GB 5749-2006),同时对总有机碳、总磷、氨氮等指标的去除率均有一定程度的提高。Abstract: The integrated adsorption-based ultrafiltration (UF) process has attracted much attention due to its small land-occupation. However, granular adsorbents, such as activated carbon, nanoscale-iron, even sand, which were always investigated in previous studies, not only caused the membrane surface damage during filtration, but also lacked the related practical operation parameters. It’s well known that the hydrolyzed flocs are loose and their adsorption ability is strong. Therefore, the pilot-scale performance of the integrated floc-UF process was investigated with the raw water obtained from a river in Changzhou, Jiangsu. The results showed that cake layer was the main fouling mechanism of UF. In comparison with the powder activated carbon (PAC) and iron-based flocs, the aluminum-based floc-UF process performed worse. Owing to the more looseness of flocs compared with powder activated carbon, lower fouling degree occurred with iron-based UF process because of the thinner cake layer and thus lower pollutant load induced on membrane surface. In addition, compared with the UF membrane alone, the operation time increased by 71.4% and 100% after the addition of optimum dosage of powder activated carbon or iron salts. Moreover, although the microorganisms in the membrane tank were inactivated by chlorination pretreatment, the membrane fouling was alleviated to a certain extent. For the effluent quality, the average effluent turbidity of the integrated iron-based-floc-UF process was lower than 0.1 NTU, and the iron concentration was lower than the national standard (GB5749-2006). The removal rates of total organic carbon, total phosphorus and ammonia nitrogen also increased to some extent.
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Key words:
- ultrafiltration /
- flocs /
- PAC /
- integrated process /
- pilot-scale /
- membrane fouling
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表 1 原水水质特征
Table 1. Characteristics of raw water
数值类型 pH 温度/℃ 浊度/NTU TOC/(mg·L−1) COD/(mg·L−1) 总磷/(mg·L−1) 氨氮/(mg·L−1) 范围 6.7~8.2 5.5~31.3 9.05~35.1 3~4.6 5~33 0.11~0.32 <0.01~0.53 平均值 7.26 — 17.13 3.91 20.01 0.21 0.05 表 2 一体式铁盐絮体-超滤工艺的出水水质特征
Table 2. Effluent water quality characteristics of the integrated iron-based-floc-UF process
浊度 TOC COD 总磷 氨氮 数值/NTU 去除率/% 质量浓度/(mg·L−1) 去除率/% 质量浓度/(mg·L−1) 去除率% 质量浓度/(mg·L−1) 去除率/% 质量浓度/(mg·L−1) 去除率/% 0.01~0.18 98.9~99.9 2.7~3.7 21.7~30.2 2.8~8.8 20~49.3 <0.01~0.04 77.8~93.3 <0.01~0.36 <32.1 -
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