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目前在大型工业园区的突发排放废水高效经济应急处置仍然是一个重大的难题,尤其对于突发难降解有机物废水的处理,目前主要是投加大量氧化药剂进行去除,这不仅造成药剂的浪费和出水残余氧化性过高,而且过量的氧化剂还可能会抑制对目标物的去除。同时,由于应急废水组成往往高度复杂,含有大量无机离子和有机物,会对氧化处理效率产生不利影响,甚至会产生有毒有害的副产物。ZHANG等[1]的研究表明,卤素离子(X−),如氯离子可以与
${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 快速反应,生成活性较弱的卤离子自由基(Cl·、Cl−·、${{\rm{Cl}}_2^{ - }} \cdot$ ),从而降低有机物的降解效率。但CHEN等[2]的研究表明,Cl−会促进过硫酸盐氧化去除双氯芬酸钠。MA等[3]发现,水体中的${{\rm{HCO}}_3^ - }$ 会与${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 和·OH反应生成活性较低的碳酸盐自由基(${\rm{HC}}{{\rm{O}}^- _3}\cdot $ ),导致目标污染物的降解率降低。因此,研究不同影响因素对突发废水的应急处理具有现实意义。近年来,基于硫酸根自由基(
${ {\rm{SO}}_4^ - } \cdot$ )的高级氧化技术受到越来越多的关注和重视,${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 具有很强的氧化性,能氧化水体中的大部分有机物。过硫酸盐在室温下呈固态,易于储存和输送,价格也相对较低,而且能对有机物进行快速处理,这些特征使其在废水的应急处理过程中具有广阔的应用前景[4]。有研究[5]表明,室温下过硫酸盐氧化污染物的作用并不明显,需要在过渡金属、光、加热等条件下活化。与其他活化方式相比,Fe2+活化过硫酸盐所需的激活能量较低,而且Fe2+无毒无害、不会对环境造成污染和在自然界存量丰富,因此,Fe2+活化过硫酸盐氧化去除有机污染物被认为是较为经济有效的方法。苯胺(AN)是重要的有机化工原料及产品,被广泛应用于国防、塑料、油漆、印染等行业,同时也是严重污染环境和危害人体健康的有害物质,是三致物质[6]。由于AN对生物具有毒性效应,已经被列入中国环境优先污染物黑名单中[6]。本研究选择AN作为目标污染物,利用Fe2+活化过硫酸钠(PS)氧化体系去除AN,研究了不同的PS投加量、Fe2+投加量、溶液pH、水体中常见阴离子(Cl−、
${\rm{HCO}}_3^ - $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ )以及有机物对AN去除效果的影响;同时,利用自由基淬灭剂和电子自旋共振技术(electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR)对反应体系中自由基的种类进行了鉴定,并提出一种简便可行的对反应体系中自由基进行定量的方法,以期为不同方式活化过硫酸盐降解有机物的降解机理提供参考。
无机阴离子及有机物对过硫酸盐去除废水中苯胺的影响
Impacts of inorganic anions and organic matters on aniline removal in wastewater by ferrous ions activated persulfate
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摘要: 突发排放废水中可能含有大量阴离子和有机物,其会淬灭自由基和限制基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化技术的应用。考察了过硫酸钠投加量、Fe2+投加量、pH、Cl−、
${\rm{HCO}}_3^ - $ 、${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ 和其他有机物对过硫酸盐降解苯胺的影响。结果表明:随着过硫酸盐和Fe2+浓度的升高,苯胺的去除率也随之增加,但过量投加反而会导致苯胺的去除率下降,活化过硫酸盐氧化去除苯胺的过程符合一级降解动力学;酸性条件有利于Fe2+活化过硫酸盐降解苯胺,但在不投加Fe2+时碱性条件可以活化过硫酸盐;${\rm{HCO}}_3^ - $ 和硝基苯的存在会抑制苯胺的去除,而${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ 对苯胺的去除基本没有影响;酚的加入会促进苯胺的去除;Cl−的存在可以促进Fe2+活化过硫酸盐对苯胺的去除,但其中间产物可能会造成潜在的生态风险,后续需进一步研究。同时,在不投加Fe2+时,Cl−也可以活化过硫酸盐去除苯胺。通过对自由基的识别,发现${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 在降解过程中起主要作用。此外,提出了1种计算Fe2+/过硫酸盐体系中${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 和·OH稳态浓度的简单方法。该计算方法可用于估算降解过程中产生的${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 和·OH的量,并评价不同活化体系下${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ 和·OH的产率,为氧化机理的研究提供参考。Abstract: Emergency wastewater contains a large amounts of anions and organics which can scavenge reactive radicals and limit the application of sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. Here, the effects of sodium PS dosage, Fe2+ dosage, solution pH, Cl−,${\rm{HCO}}_3^ - $ ,${\rm{NO}}_3^ - $ , and other organic matter on aniline degradation by persulfate (PS) were studied. The results showed that the aniline removal rate increased with the increase of the concentrations of PS and Fe2+, but their excessive dosages could lead to the decrease of aniline removal, the aniline degradation by Fe2+-activated PS followed a first-order kinetic equation. Acidic conditions were conducive to aniline removal rate by Fe2+-activated PS, while the PS could be activated under alkaline conditions without Fe2+ addition. The addition of bicarbonate ions and nitrobenzene could inhibit aniline removal, while the addition of nitrate ions had slight inhibition effect on aniline removal. The addition of pheon could promote aniline removal. The addition of chloride ions could promote aniline degradation by Fe2+-activated PS, but the intermediates may pose potential risks which need to the further study. In addition, the degradation of aniline could be promoted by chloride ions without ferrous ions addition. By recognizing and analyzing free radicals, we concluded that${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ plays a major role in aniline degradation. A simple method to calculate the normalized steady-state concentrations of${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ and •OH in the Fe2+/PS system was proposed. The proposed method for calculating${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ and •OH could be used to estimate the amounts of${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ and •OH produced in the process of aniline degradation and evaluate the production rates of${\rm{SO}}_4^ - \cdot $ and •OH in different activated systems, providing reference for the study of oxidation mechanism.-
Key words:
- persulfate /
- emergency treatment /
- sulfate radical /
- aniline /
- influence factor /
- optimal operating conditions
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表 1 不同PS初始浓度下AN降解的动力学分析结果
Table 1. Kinetic analysis of aniline degradation at different initial concentrations of persulfate
PS初始浓度/
(mmol·L−1)kapp/min−1 R2 0 0.001 7 0.998 2 0.149 5 0.993 21) 0.125 0 0.992 5 0.291 7 0.996 51) 0.215 6 0.997 8 0.924 2 0.996 81) 0.727 9 0.998 10 0.353 7 0.996 101) 0.283 2 0.997 注:1)表示在反应中添加TBA。 -
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