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近年来,随着全球工业化的不断发展,化石能源的使用排放出大量温室气体(CO2、CH4、N2O、O3和氯氟烃等)。自1800年至2020年,大气中CO2的体积浓度由280 mL·m−3升至410 mL·m−3,已导致全球气温上升约1.2 ℃[1-2]。全球变暖将对生态环境以及人类生存造成显著威胁[3-4]。2020年9月22日,中国在第七十五届联合国大会提出“二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值,努力争取2060年前实现碳中和”的目标[5]。为实现此目标,有效缓解全球变暖,应在大力开展新能源研究和应用的同时,研发经济高效的CO2捕集、利用与封存技术(carbon dioxide capture utilization and storage, CCUS)[6]。
矿物碳酸化封存CO2技术凭借矿石资源丰富、碳酸盐产物稳定无污染、操作简单等优点,被认为是除胺法等溶剂吸收法和地质封存的可行性CO2捕集方案[7]。但天然矿石封存CO2会消耗大规模矿产资源,而工业固体废物(粉煤灰、钢渣、电石渣等)通常含有大量的钙、镁元素,可作为碳酸化所需钙离子、镁离子来源以替代天然矿石对CO2进行捕集和封存[8-9]。任国宏等[10]运用直接湿法研究了粉煤灰、电石渣及其配合物的矿化封存CO2效果,在60 ℃、1个标准大气压(1.01×105 Pa)条件下,粉煤灰、电石渣固碳率分别是2%和61.3%,其配合物固碳率比等量单一电石渣和粉煤灰固碳率之和计算值提高19.6%。伊元荣等[11]研究了钢渣湿法捕获CO2的反应特性,发现钢渣中的Ca(OH)2、CaO、Ca2SiO4和Ca3AlO6等矿物都可以发生碳酸化反应生成CaCO3,并论证了矿化封存CO2后的钢渣可被进一步利用为建材。碳酸化反应后的灰渣可用于各种行业,包括建筑材料[12-14]、纸张和涂料填料、耐火材料、农业和制药[15],其主要利用行业是建筑业。据估计,通过利用碳酸化产品生产建筑材料来替代传统的碳密集型产品,可间接减少约3.7×1010 t的二氧化碳排放[16]。除了用于生产经济价值较低的常规建筑材料,通过矿化过程回收附加值较高的产品是未来提高市场竞争力的一大方向[17-19]。
国内外学者对不同固废封存CO2进行了大量基础性研究,并探索了直接湿法和干法等工艺的封存应用效果[20-23]。固废的化学成分及物相组成差异对CO2封存能力影响巨大[24],而文献中对同种固废分别采用2种工艺进行CO2封存能力及规律性的对比研究仍十分有限。本课题组选择产量大、源自不同行业(气化、冶炼、化工)的3种典型工业固体废物(电石渣、钢渣和粉煤灰),分别通过湿法高压釜间歇装置和固定床干法连续装置,对比研究直接湿法和直接干法工艺下其CO2封存能力及规律,并结合分析表征,揭示不同工艺下固废碳酸化反应机理,以期为进一步开发低成本绿色高效封存CO2技术提供参考。
3种典型工业固废的CO2矿化封存性能
Comparison of three typical industrial solid wastes on the performance of CO2 mineralization and sequestration
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摘要: 选择3种典型的工业固体废物-电石渣(CS)、钢渣(SS)和煤气化粉煤灰(FA),比较研究此3种固废在干法和湿法直接碳酸化工艺下的CO2封存性能。结合热重(TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)等分析表征方法,揭示了3种固废的碳酸化反应规律及干法、湿法直接碳酸化的反应机理。结果表明:干法固碳中,CS、SS-1、FA、SS-2矿化封存CO2能力依次降低,CO2封存量分别为382.21、70.78、34.81和25.99 g·kg−1;湿法固碳中,CS、SS-1、SS-2的CO2封存量均高于干法固碳,分别为613.4、191.9和106.8 g·kg−1,而FA的CO2封存量下降为8.4 g·kg−1。CaO含量是影响CO2封存量的关键因素,其他含钙的物相与矿化反应相关。固废湿法固碳性能一般优于干法,湿法碳酸化过程中,CO2溶于水形成碳酸根离子后,更易与固废中溶出的钙镁离子反应;而FA中非晶态钙成分在去离子水中不易溶出,湿法固碳性能较差,但其在高温下不稳定,在干法高温环境中能与CO2发生反应生成CaCO3,其干法固碳性能优于湿法。Abstract: The capacities of three typical industrial solid wastes, i.e. carbide slag (CS), steel slag (SS) and fly ash (FA), in CO2 capture and storage by dry and wet direct carbonation processes were studied. The carbonation reaction patterns of the three solid wastes and the reaction mechanisms of direct carbonation in dry and wet methods were revealed by TG and XRD. Results showed that the CO2 sequestration capacities of CS, SS-1, FA and SS-2 in dry process were 382.21, 70.78, 34.81 and 25.99 g·kg−1 respectively. In wet process, the CO2 sequestration capacities of CS, SS-1, SS-2 were 613.4, 191.9 and 106.8 g·kg−1 respectively, which are higher than that of the dry method. However, the CO2 sequestration capacity of FA decreased to 8.4 g·kg−1. CaO content is the key factor affecting CO2 storage capacity, and other calcium-containing phases are related to mineralization reactions. The CO2 capture and storage performances of solid waste by wet method are generally better than that of the dry method, as CO2 dissolves in water and forms carbonate ion in the process of wet carbonation which is easier to react with calcium and magnesium ions dissolved from solid wastes. However, the amorphous calcium in FA is not easy to dissolve in deionized water, leading to the poor performance in the wet carbon sequestration. The amorphous calcium in FA is unstable at high temperature, which can react with CO2 to form CaCO3 in high temperature during the dry process. Thus, the CO2 capture and storage performances of FA by the dry method is better than by the wet method.
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Key words:
- steel slag /
- carbide slag /
- fly ash /
- CO2 capture and storage /
- carbonation reaction
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表 1 固体废物样品中的各成分的质量分数
Table 1. Chemical compositions of solid waste samples
% 样品 SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO TiO2 Na2O K2O P2O5 SO3 SS-1 9.47 1.98 24.44 51.79 5.95 0.71 0.08 0.05 1.45 0.41 SS-2 22.21 1.35 0.39 64.73 6.25 1.07 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.23 CS 2.70 0.95 0.17 90.90 0.17 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.47 FA 35.56 18.37 16.83 24.55 0.42 0.78 0.61 0.57 0.25 1.23 -
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