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2018年,我国铁尾矿产生量为4.76×108 t,约占全国尾矿产生量的40%。相比较其他种类尾矿,铁尾矿占比最大[1]。而目前铁尾矿的综合利用率却不足30%,远低于发达国家[2]。在我国,铁尾矿主要储存方式为露天堆放,这样不仅有溃坝的风险[3],而且还可能会对周边水体造成污染[4-5]。因此,铁尾矿堆放处理对环境造成的污染问题不容小觑,亟需解决。
铁尾矿对环境造成危害的同时也是一种“放错地方的资源”。铁尾矿中含有大量的SiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3,这与黏土的成分十分相似,可以代替黏土用作烧结砖的原料。已有大量研究[6-10]证实了铁尾矿制备烧结砖的可行性。严捍东等[8]分别利用铁尾矿、粉煤灰和海泥制备出多孔烧结砖;其结果表明,与粉煤灰相比,铁尾矿更利于减缓烧结砖的泛霜程度。LUO等[9]利用铁尾矿、煤矸石等作为主要原料,并用污泥和页岩作为黏结剂制备烧结砖;结果表明,在烧结温度1 100 ℃、烧结时间3 h的最佳条件下,烧结砖的抗压强度为14.24 MPa、吸水率为17.47%。有研究结果[11-12]表明,将废玻璃加入到烧结砖中会极大地提高黏土烧结砖的力学强度。VORRADA等[11]发现,向黏土砖中添加废弃玻璃,在一定范围内会提高烧结砖的力学强度;在温度为1 100 ℃、玻璃添加量为15%的条件下,会提高2~3倍的力学强度,吸水率可降低至2%~3%。这些研究多数关注在烧结砖力学性能的研究上,而忽略了烧结砖中重金属释放到环境中的潜在风险,特别是对于含有较高重金属的铁尾矿。重金属在烧结砖中的形态分布和浸出特性的问题值得关注。
本研究中,利用铁尾矿、废玻璃和粉煤灰制备烧结砖,以探究其可行性。研究不同温度和配比条件对烧结砖性能的影响和重金属的浸出风险;并研究了在烧结过程中的重金属形态分布、孔径分析、XRD和SEM,以揭示烧结砖的固化机理。本研究结果可为铁尾矿的资源化利用提供数据参考。
利用铁尾矿制备烧结砖的可行性及烧结固化机理
Feasibility of using iron tailings to prepare sintering brick and sintering solidification mechanism
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摘要: 针对铁尾矿综合利用率低的问题,利用铁尾矿、粉煤灰、废玻璃制备烧结砖,以提高铁尾矿综合利用率。通过抗压强度、吸水率和重金属浸出3方面评价烧结砖的性能,确定最佳烧结工艺条件;并通过重金属形态分布、孔径分析、XRD和SEM探究烧结砖的固化机理。结果表明,在最佳条件烧结温度为1 100 ℃、铁尾矿、粉煤灰、玻璃配为6∶2∶2的条件下,烧结砖的抗压强度为124 MPa,吸水率为4.6%。最佳条件下烧结砖的Cu、Pb、Zn重金属浸出浓度均低于标准阈值。当烧结温度从900 ℃上升到1 200 ℃,Cu、Pb和Zn的残渣态占比均有所上升,孔容积从0.019 cm3·g−1下降到了0.001 cm3·g−1,平均孔径从22.1 nm下降到了9.3 nm。物相分析结果表明,在烧结过程中,高岭石相和石英相的特征峰降低,莫来石相的特征峰升高。上述结果可以为铁尾矿制备烧结砖提供数据参考。Abstract: Aiming at the problem of low comprehensive utilization rate of iron tailings, sintering brick was prepared by using iron tailings, fly ash and waste glass to improve the comprehensive utilization rate of iron tailings. The properties of the sintered bricks were evaluated from three aspects: compressive strength, water absorption and heavy metal leaching, and the optimal process conditions were determined. The solidification mechanism of the sintered bricks was investigated by means of heavy metal speciation distribution, pore diameter analysis, XRD and SEM. The results show that under the optimal sintering temperature of 1 100 ℃, iron tailings∶fly ash∶glass is 6∶2∶2, the compressive strength of the bricks and the water absorption rate is 124 MPa and 4.6%, respectively. The leaching concentration of Cu, Pb and Zn is all lower than the standard threshold. When the sintering temperature increases from 900 ℃ to 1 200 ℃, the proportion of Cu, Pb and Zn residues increases, the pore volume decreases from 0.019 cm3·g−1 to 0.001 cm3·g−1, and the average pore diameter decreases from 22.1 nm to 9.3 nm. Phase analysis showed that the characteristic peaks of kaolinite and quartz phases decreased, while those of mullite phases increased during sintering. In addition, it was observed that the internal structure of the sintered bricks tended to densify during sintering. The research can provide theoretical basis for the preparation of sintering brick from iron tailings.
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Key words:
- iron tailings /
- waste glass /
- sintered brick /
- compressive strength /
- heavy metal leaching
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表 1 烧结砖原料质量分数
Table 1. Mass fraction of raw materials to sintered bricks
% 样品编号 铁尾矿 粉煤灰 废玻璃 G0 60 40 0 G10 60 30 10 G20 60 20 20 G30 60 10 30 表 2 原料化学组成(以质量分数计)
Table 2. Chemical composition of raw materials (calculated by mass fraction)
% 供试原料 Fe2O3 SiO2 Al2O3 K2O Na2O 其他 铁尾矿 53.78 28.13 13.33 0.86 — 3.90 粉煤灰 6.36 57.01 25.33 2.93 0.88 7.49 废玻璃 0.17 91.70 2.35 0.12 5.12 0.54 注:—为未检出。 表 3 铁尾矿中重金属含量
Table 3. Heavy metal concentration in iron tailings
mg·kg−1 Cu Pb Zn Cr Cd 2 814.92 1 992.12 1 712.33 63.26 10.84 -
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