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近年来,土壤污染问题日益严重。我国人口众多、可利用土地资源少,污染土壤修复问题已成为关注重点[1]。有机污染(农药、石油烃和多环芳烃)场地面积约占全国超标土壤的35.49%[2],高于其他类型的土壤污染。由于污染物种类繁多,污染场地土壤类型多样、空间差异大,对土壤修复技术提出了较高要求。现有的土壤修复技术正朝着5大方向发展,即绿色友好的生物修复、联合组配的原位修复、综合修复、基于设备化的快速场地修复和基于环境功能材料的修复[3-4]。原位热修复技术因其适用范围广、环境干扰小、修复效果彻底和可操作性强等优势受到广泛关注[5]。原位热修复技术是少数几种能够去除NAPL的技术之一,并且涉及使用载气或真空系统,该系统将挥发的污染物吹扫到气体处理系统,方便进行二次或异地处置。但是,由于土壤水分和异质性带来的复杂性,使得原位热修复技术大规模应用具有挑战性[6]。
污染土壤修复技术早在二十世纪70年代就已在国外开始应用[4],近年由于国内原位热修复需求日益增多,相关技术被逐步引进。根据加热方式不同,原位热修复技术主要分为蒸汽强化抽提技术(Steam-Enhanced Extraction, SEE)、电阻加热技术(Electrical Resistive Heating, ERH)和热传导加热技术(Thermal Conduction Heating, TCH)3种[7]。对于上述3种原位热修复技术,由于其加热机制不同,所适用的场合也各不相同。如SEE技术,仅适用于低沸点、高渗透率的污染物场地,其修复效率低但修复成本也较低;ERH技术同样仅适用于低沸点污染物,但其升温效率和温度均匀性较好;而TCH技术可适用于含高沸点污染物场地,修复效果彻底、周期短,但其修复方式粗犷,成本较高。表1对比了3种典型原位热修复技术的优缺点和各自适用场合。
虽然原位热修复技术的工程应用已较为成熟,积累了丰富的工程经验,但其内在的热质传递机理尚不清晰,由此,导致工程设计往往仅依赖于实践经验而缺乏相关理论指导。本综述将分别从理论、实验、数值研究等方面对原位热修复过程中土壤内热质传递的研究现状与进展进行讨论与分析,以期能够推动土壤原位热修复技术的优化,为工程应用提供参考。
原位热修复过程中土壤内热质传递研究现状与展望
Recent advances and prospects of heat and mass transfer in soil during in-situ thermal remediation
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摘要: 近年来,原位热修复技术因其具有修复周期短、可靠性高、适用性强、二次污染可控等优点,已被广泛应用于有机污染地块修复领域。概述了国内外原位热修复技术研究进展,对比了蒸汽强化抽提技术(SEE)、电阻加热技术(ERH)和热传导加热技术(TCH) 3种典型原位热修复技术的优缺点和适用条件,并分析了污染物性质、土壤非均质性、含水率及加热温度等主要因素对不同技术的修复效果的影响。在此基础上,从理论、实验和数值3方面阐述了原位热修复过程中热质传递机理的研究现状。Abstract: In recent years, in-situ thermal remediation technology has been widely used in the remediation of organic contaminated land because of its short remediation cycle, high reliability, strong applicability, and controllable secondary pollution. This article summarized the research progress of in-situ thermal remediation technology for contaminated land at home and abroad. It compared the advantages of three typical in-situ thermal remediation technologies: namely steam enhanced extraction (SEE), electrical resistance heating (ERH) and thermal conduction heating (TCH). Disadvantages and applicable conditions, and analyzed the effects of main factors such as the nature of pollutants, soil heterogeneity, moisture content and heating temperature on its remediation effect. On this basis, the research status of the heat and mass transfer mechanism in-situ thermal remediation was explained from three research aspects of theory, experiment and numerical value.
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表 1 典型原位热修复技术优缺点比较
Table 1. Comparison of advantages and disadvantages of typical in-situ thermal repair technology
技术
手段修复成本概况 加热
方式温度
范围适用场合 技术优势 技术缺陷 SEE 修复挥发性、半挥发性有机物成本较低[10] 蒸汽、热空气 0~
170 ℃[7]挥发性有机物,高渗透率土壤,地下流速大 去除效率较高、成本低、易操作、可与其他技术灵活组合 受土壤不均质性、渗透率、含水率影响大,处理温度低 ERH 修复成本高[10] 电阻加热 0~
100 ℃挥发性有机物,中低渗透率土壤,适合质地细密的土壤[11] 对地下非均质性不敏感,加热均匀性强[8],可与生物修复联合使用[9] 不适合干燥的土壤,难以处理高沸点污染物[12] TCH 修复氯化挥发性有机物成本较高[13] 电加热棒、高温烟气 700~
800 ℃挥发、半挥发、难挥发有机物,中、低渗透率土壤 升温速率快,加热温度高,不受渗透率、土壤质地的影响 能耗高,易受高地下水通量的影响 -
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