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我国城市生活污水普遍存在碳氮比偏低的问题,难以实现深度的脱氮除磷。污水处理厂每天会排放大量的剩余污泥,处置起来比较困难[1]。针对此现象,将剩余污泥在碱性条件下发酵,不仅能解决污泥处置问题,而且发酵产生的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAS)能够提供微生物生长所需的优质碳源[2-3]。但是将剩余污泥在碱性条件下发酵所产生的发酵液脱水性能较差,含有大量黏度极高的有机物质[4],以其作为外加碳源,可以很好地解决生活污水中碳氮比偏低的问题,但往往会使活性污泥絮凝沉降性能恶化,发生黏性污泥膨胀。黏性污泥膨胀是一种由于菌胶团细菌大量累积高黏性物质,或过量繁殖引起的无丝状菌过量生长的污泥沉降性能变差的现象,其发生的主要原因包括含大量黏性物质的污水水质、低温或温度波动较大、某些营养物质的缺乏以及过高或过低的污泥负荷[5-6]。
活性污泥絮凝、沉降性能的好坏与其絮体表面特性、胞外聚合物(EPS)等有关[7-8]。已有研究[9-11]认为活性污泥表面电荷量与其絮凝、沉降性能密切相关,而相对疏水性在活性污泥絮凝沉淀过程的作用目前还没有明确的定论。JIN等[12]认为疏水性的增高会导致沉降性能变差。但是也有与此矛盾的结果,龙向宇等[13]和SPONZA[14]得出污泥絮体疏水性的提高有助于污泥絮体凝聚。EPS在活性污泥絮凝沉降过程中会起到十分重要的作用,其含量和组成会对污泥表面物化性质产生影响[15-16]。EPS可分为松散结合的胞外聚合物(LB-EPS)和紧密结合的胞外聚合物(TB-EPS)[17],LB-EPS位于外层且结构松散,是无明显界限的黏液层;TB-EPS位于内层且具有一定的形状,与细胞表面结合的较为紧密,不易提取。关于EPS含量与污泥絮凝沉降之间的关系还存在许多分歧[18-19]。
目前,实验室和污水厂都有关于黏性膨胀的报道,但以剩余污泥碱性发酵液为碳源引发的黏性污泥膨胀的机理和对黏性膨胀污泥特性的研究[20]还较少。基于此,本研究针对SBR中以剩余污泥碱性发酵液为碳源发生的黏性膨胀现象,分析黏性膨胀产生的原因,考察黏性膨胀污泥絮凝沉降性能与活性污泥表面性质、胞外聚合物之间的相关性,以期为实际工程中以发酵液为碳源的污泥黏性膨胀问题提供参考。
剩余污泥发酵液对黏性膨胀污泥特性的影响
Effect of excess sludge fermentation liquid on the characteristics of viscous bulking sludge
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摘要: 为了解决剩余污泥碱性发酵液作为低碳氮比生活污水外加碳源时引发的黏性污泥膨胀问题,采用序批式反应器(SBR),以剩余污泥碱性发酵液为进水碳源,对黏性膨胀污泥的沉降性能及其影响因素之间的相关性进行了系统研究。结果表明:当进水COD值为300~350 mg·L−1时,随着运行时间的推移,污泥容积指数(SVI)逐渐升高,最终达到540 mL·g−1,此时发生污泥黏性膨胀现象;黏性膨胀污泥表面负电荷由0.62 mV累积到29.49 mV,相对疏水性(RH)从44%下降至19%,污泥容积指数(SVI)与Zeta电位、相对疏水性(RH)呈负相关(R2分别为0.837 71和0.678 54),与污泥粒径不相关;胞外聚合物总量从31 mg·g−1提高至39 mg·g−1,但LB-EPS/TB-EPS的比例从0.92增加至2.92;与TB-EPS相比较,LB-EPS与污泥容积指数(SVI)、Zeta电位、相对疏水性(RH)具有显著相关性(R2分别为0.892 88、0.885 29和0.776 68)。以上结果揭示了以发酵液为碳源引发的黏性膨胀污泥特性的变化规律,可为实际工程中以发酵液为碳源的黏性污泥膨胀问题提供借鉴。Abstract: In order to solve the problem of sludge bulking caused by the excess sludge alkaline fermentation liquid as the external carbon source of domestic sewage with low carbon nitrogen ratio, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used to systematically study the correlation between the settling performance and the influencing factors of the viscous bulking sludge when the excess sludge alkaline fermentation liquid was taken as influent carbon source. The results show that when the influent COD was 300~350 mg·L−1, the SVI of sludge increased gradually with the running time, and finally reached 540 mL·g−1, and viscous bulking for the sludge occurred. The negative charge on the surface of viscous bulking sludge increased from 0.62 mV to 29.49 mV, the relative hydrophobicity(RH) decreased from 44% to 19%, and SVI was negatively correlated with Zeta potential or RH, and their R2 values were 0.837 71 and 0.678 54, respectively. SVI was not correlated with sludge size. The total amount of extracellular polymer increased from 31 mg·g−1 to 39 mg·g−1, but the ratio of LB-EPS to TB-EPS increased from 0.92 to 2.92. Compared with TB-EPS, LB-EPS was more strongly correlated with SVI, Zeta potential and RH with their own R2 values of 0.892 88, 0.885 29 and 0.776 68. The above results revealed the variation of viscous bulking sludge characteristics caused by taking fermentation liquid as external carbon source, which can provide reference for solving this problem in practical engineering.
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