-
重金属元素不易溶于水,治理困难,污染危害大,从而对人类的健康状况产生了非常不利的影响[1]。目前,对重金属污染土壤的修复技术主要以物理化学法为主,以电动法、微生物法和联合修复为辅[2]。电动法是在电场的作用下,以电透渗或电迁移的方式向电极运输土壤中的重金属离子(如Pb、Cd、Cr、Zn等),再集中收集处理。ALLIOUX等[3]开发了一种新的装置,从液体中脱盐并回收珍贵金属离子,如铜、锌、镍、银和锌/铜离子混合物,然后通过简单的电氧化工艺,使金属沉积后得以回收。有研究[4]发现,脱除某些元素(如Hg)或导电性不良的矿物(如某些硫化物)时,添加适当的化学药品,在约3个月内,通过与植物技术的联用,脱除了60%的Hg。微生物对于土壤改善和污染治理也具有优良的效果,主要通过对污染物的吸附作用、污染物形态的形态转换以及污染物之间的电子转移,达到脱除重金属的目的[5]。在众多微生物中,嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, A.f )是一种具有极强耐受性的好氧菌,长期生活在高浓度重金属环境中的A.f菌能形成一定的耐性和抗性[6],驯化后对重金属具有良好的脱除效果。
把微生物和电化学技术联合起来,已成为当今的研究热点,有利于提高生物的修复效率。GILADI等[7]发现,微弱的电场作用可以抑制金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, S.aureus)的生长。但也有研究[8]表明,通过施加10~100 mA直流微弱电流能够刺激大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的生长和活动,这表明施加微弱的直流电可以加速微生物的生长。MAILLACHERUVU等[9]发现,在0.46 V·cm−1的电场强度下,有利于好氧微生物的培育,有利于增加微生物活性。
本研究针对实际电子废物拆解场地的重金属污染土壤,通过施加不同强度的微弱直流电,研究弱电场条件下嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌对污染土壤中重金属脱除的影响。在保证对土壤扰动小、不易造成二次污染和低成本等优点的前提下,有效解决微生物修复土壤耗时长、效率低的缺陷。研究结果不仅可以提高污染土壤的重金属脱除效率,也为电化学与微生物联合修复土壤的实际应用提供了参考。
嗜酸细菌在不同强度微电场下对电子废物拆解场地土壤重金属的脱除效果
Removal effect of heavy metals from the soil of electronic waste dismantling site by acid bacteria under different intensity micro-electric field
-
摘要: 为了高效脱除土壤中的重金属,在电场作用的条件下,研究不同强度的微弱直流电流对嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, A.f )脱除电子废物拆解场地污染土壤中重金属的影响,设置了20、60和100 mA 3个梯度的电流强度,并分别设置接菌外加电场(F)、接菌不加电场的对照(CK1)和不接菌种外加电场的对照(CK2),总计9个处理,连续施加微电场5 d,测定目标重金属的脱除率。结果表明:在电流强度为20 mA的条件下,A.f菌提高了对污染土壤重金属的脱除率。在第5天,对土壤中重金属Zn、Cu、Ni、Cd、Cr的脱除效果最佳,脱除率分别达到91%、72%、78%、85%、56%;脱除后,土壤重金属含量低于《土壤环境质量 建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》(GB 36600-2018)中的要求。加菌加电场的处理与单施加电场或接菌处理的条件相比,土壤重金属的脱除率提高18%以上。研究发现,嗜酸细菌在20 mA左右的微电场作用下可以存活,施加适当电场可以提高A.f菌对污染土壤的重金属脱除率,也为电化学和微生物联合修复土壤的实际应用提供了参考。Abstract: In order to efficiently remove heavy metals from soil, the effects of weak DC current with different strengths on heavy metals removal from the polluted soil of electronic waste dismantling site by ferrothiobacillus ferrooxidans(A.f) were studied. The experiments were conducted as three groups such as the extra-electric field of A.f and electric field joint treatment (F), the contrast of A.f alone treatment (CK1) and the contrast of electric field alone treatment (CK2), the current intensities with three gradients of 20, 60 and 100 mA were applied under a continuous 5 d micro-electric field, and then nine treatments in total were performed to test the removal rate of target heavy metals. The results showed that the removal rate of heavy metals from contaminated soil by A.f was elevated under the current intensity of 20 mA. On the fifth day, the optimal removal effects of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Cr in soil occurred for A.f, and their removal rates reached 91%, 72%, 78%, 85%, 56%, respectively. The contents of heavy metals in treated soil were below the requirements of the Soil Environmental Quality Soil Pollution Risk Control Standard for Construction Land (a trial) (GB 36600-2018). Compared with single-forced electric field or A.f treatment, the removal rate of soil heavy metals under A.f plus electric field treatment increased by over 18%. The study found that acidophilic bacteria can survive under a micro electric field of about 20 mA. Applying an appropriate electric field can increase the removal rate of heavy metals from polluted soil by A.f bacteria, it also provide a reference for the practical application of electrochemical and microbial joint soil remediation.
-
Key words:
- acid bacteria /
- electric field stimulation /
- e-waste /
- heavy metal pollution /
- soil remediation
-
-
[1] DAMRONGSIRI S, VASSANADUMRONGDEE S, TANWATTANA P. Heavy metal contamination characteristic of soil in WEEE (waste electrical and electronic equipment) dismantling community: A case study of Bangkok, Thailand[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2016, 23(17): 17026-17034. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6897-5 [2] YAO Z T, LI J H, XIE H H, et al. Review on remediation technologies of soil contaminated by heavy metals[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2012, 16: 722-729. doi: 10.1016/j.proenv.2012.10.099 [3] ALLIOUX F M, KAPRUWAN P, MILNE N, et al. Electro-capture of heavy metal ions with carbon cloth integrated microfluidic devices[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 194: 26-32. doi: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.064 [4] ROSESTOLATO D, BAGATIN R, FERRO S, et al. Electrokinetic remediation of soils polluted by heavy metals (mercury in particular)[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2015, 264: 16-23. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.074 [5] ZHU X M, CHEN B L, ZHU L Z, et al. Effects and mechanisms of biochar-microbe interactions in soil improvement and pollution remediation: A review[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2017, 227: 98-115. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.032 [6] 刘爱民. 耐镉细菌筛选与吸附镉机理研究及其在镉污染土壤修复中的应用[D]. 南京: 南京农业大学, 2005. [7] GILADI M, PORAT Y, BLATT A, et al. Microbial growth inhibition by alternating electric fields[J]. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2008, 52(10): 3517-3522. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00673-08 [8] 宋波. 电场刺激技术在微生物工程中的应用[J]. 生物技术进展, 2012, 2(5): 345-348. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.2095-2341.2012.05.07 [9] MAILLACHERUVU K Y, CHINCHOUD P R. Electrokinetic transport of aerobic microorganisms under low-strength electric fields[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2011, 46(6): 589-595. doi: 10.1080/10934529.2011.562832 [10] 国家环境保护总局. 土壤环境监测技术规范: HJ/T 166-2004[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2004. [11] 郑秀琴, 詹晓珠, 洪曾纯. 王水体系消解-原子荧光法同时测定土壤中砷和汞的研究[J]. 农业资源与环境学报, 2006, 23(6): 70-72. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-4944.2006.06.024 [12] 王景伟, 代双艳, 顾卫华, 等. 多级驯化嗜酸菌淋滤电子废弃物拆解地土壤重金属的效果[J]. 安全与环境学报, 2019, 19(1): 283-289. [13] 中华人民共和国国家技术监督局. 土壤有机质测定法: NY/T 85-1988[S]. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 1989. [14] 周鸣. 生物淋滤技术去除矿区土壤中的铜、锌、铅研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2008. [15] 周洪波, 邱冠周, 邬长斌, 等. 嗜酸微生物生态学与矿物生物浸出技术[J]. 应用与环境生物学报, 2005, 11(6): 784-788. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1006-687X.2005.06.030 [16] 李欣. 电动修复技术机理及去除污泥和尾砂中重金属的研究[D]. 长沙: 湖南大学, 2008. [17] SONG C J, ZHANG J J. Electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction[M]//ZHANG J. PEM Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts and Catalyst Layers: Fundamentals and Applications. Springer, 2008. [18] 周生学. 直流电刺激对细菌生长动态过程的作用研究[D]. 北京: 首都师范大学, 2009. [19] 杜锁军, 戴艳, 谢东俊, 等. 土壤Zn污染及其治理措施评述[J]. 污染防治技术, 2009, 22(3): 87-90. [20] 彭桂群. 生物沥滤-电动修复技术去除城市污泥重金属[C]//《环境工程》编辑部.《环境工程》2019年全国学术年会论文集(下册). 北京, 2019: 330-334. [21] 刘慧, 仓龙, 郝秀珍, 等. 铜污染场地土壤的原位电动强化修复[J]. 环境工程学报, 2016, 10(7): 3877-3883. doi: 10.12030/j.cjee.201502112 [22] 熊钡, 邵友元, 易筱筠, 等. 电场作用下镍污染土壤的修复过程及机理研究[C]//中国环境科学学会. 2014年中国环境科学学会学术年会论文集. 成都, 2014: 355-362. [23] 郑燊燊, 申哲民, 陈学军, 等. 电动修复Cd污染土壤的DBLM模型[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2007, 26(2): 443-448. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2007.02.007 [24] 孟凡生, 王业耀. 铬(VI)污染土壤电动修复影响因素研究[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2006, 25(4): 983-987. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:1672-2043.2006.04.033