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活性污泥法因其除污效果好、投资低、操作方便等优点而被广泛应用于废水处理中[1],但其存在污泥结构布局松散、沉降能力差及易产生污泥膨胀等问题,给工程的维护与管理带来诸多困难[2],导致处理后废水TN和TP等指标达不到国家规定的最新排放标准。随着对污水处理工艺的不断探索和改进,污水处理中磁生物效应的应用越来越广泛[3-5],通常途径就是往活性污泥中投加一定量的微米级或纳米级的Fe3O4磁粉。磁粉与活性污泥混合接触后, 会对系统产生2个方面的影响:一方面,污泥絮体结构得到了有效的改善,系统能达到较好的泥水分离效果;另一方面,污泥中微生物受到磁粉的磁生物效应,其除污效率和抗高负荷的能力均得到了提升,污泥膨胀得到改善,污泥浓度也有一定的升高, 从而增大了单元容积的处理效能[6-9]。尽管Fe3O4在活性污泥系统方面的应用已取得较大的成功,但若将未加修饰的Fe3O4投加到活性污泥系统中,其在液相中的不稳定性和较差的分散性[10]会影响磁粉与污泥的充分混合。而SiO2化学性质比较稳定,具有良好的生物相容性和亲水性;同时,SiO2可以屏蔽粒子之间的偶极相互作用,阻止粒子团聚,具有较好的分散性[11-14]。在磁性颗粒表面包裹一层SiO2是磁性颗粒功能化修饰比较常见的方法,其包覆作用可以有效减少Fe3O4磁粉的裸露,防止其在水溶液中的团聚,并保持良好的磁性,以便回收再利用。因此,本研究从磁性材料强化活性污泥角度入手,在活性污泥系统中分别投加Fe3O4和Fe3O4@SiO2,考察其对活性污泥系统的影响效果,并进行典型周期内的脱氮除磷动力学探究,以验证Fe3O4@SiO2是否对污泥系统有强化作用;探讨Fe3O4@SiO2对污泥颗粒化进程的影响及其脱氮除磷机制,研究结果可对该技术的实际工程应用提供参考。
磁性硅球对SBR活性污泥脱氮除磷性能的影响
Impact of Fe3O4@SiO2 on the performances of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in a SBR
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摘要: 为研究磁性硅球(Fe3O4@SiO2)对序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)污水处理系统中脱氮除磷性能的影响,建立了3个相同的SBR (编号依次为1号、2号和3号),在2号和3号反应器中分别投加0.5 g·L−1的纳米Fe3O4和Fe3O4@SiO2,1号反应器为不投加任何磁性材料的对照组。结果表明:Fe3O4@SiO2对SBR中的污泥性能有显著的影响,3号反应器在运行20 d时,反应器内活性污泥结构完整,饱满密实,污泥粒径多集中分布在0.3~1.0 mm,颗粒化现象明显,而1号反应器无明显颗粒污泥,2号反应器虽能看到有少部分的颗粒污泥,但分布不均匀;Fe3O4@SiO2对污泥胞外蛋白(PN)、胞外多糖(PS)的含量有促进作用,并能改善污泥的沉降性能,第70 天时,3号反应器内PN和PS含量分别为318.89 mg·g−1和28.51 mg·g−1,污泥沉降指数(SVI)为35.22 mL·g−1,性能优于1号和2号反应器;在除污方面,2号和3号反应器对污水总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)去除率比1号反应器分别提升了10.80%、15.20%和9.40%、12.40%,3号反应器表现出最高的脱氮除磷性能;此外,在典型周期内,3号反应器对氮素及磷的去除速率明显高于1号反应器,在240 min内,1号和3号反应器对TN去除速率分别为4.56 mg·(L·h)−1和5.84 mg·(L·h)−1,对TP去除速率分别为0.44 mg·(L·h)−1和0.51 mg·(L·h)−1。由此可见,经SiO2包覆后所制备的Fe3O4@SiO2,提高了其在水体的分散性,增大了与污泥的接触程度,极大促进了污泥经磁聚、吸附作用富集到其表面形成颗粒污泥,并利于脱氮除磷等微生物截留和附着,提高活性污泥反应系统的脱氮除磷效果和去除速率。以上结果可为进一步探索磁性纳米材料对SBR 活性污泥脱氮除磷性能影响提供参考。Abstract: The identical three sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were set up in order to illuminate the effects of Fe3O4@SiO2 on the performances and kinetics of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR). 0.5 g·L−1 nano-Fe3O4 and 0.5 g·L−1 nano-Fe3O4@SiO2 were added to SBR 2 and SBR 3, respectively, and compared with the control group of SBR 1 without addition of magnetic material. The results showed that nano-Fe3O4@SiO2 had significant influence on the sludge property in SBR. After 20 d running, the sludge in SBR 3 presented complete structure, fullness and compactness, and its particle size was mainly distributed in 0.3~1.0 mm, obvious granulation phenomenon occurred. However, no obvious granular sludge appeared in SBR 1, a few sludge granules with non-uniform distribution formed in SBR 2. Moreover, Fe3O4@SiO2 could promote the secretion of exopolysaccharides(EPS) and improve sludge sedimentation performance. On the 70th day, the contents of PN and PS in SBR 3 were 318.89 mg·g−1 and 28.51 mg·g−1, respectively, and sludge volume index(SVI) was 35.22 mL·g−1, and the sludge performance was better than that of SBR 1 and SBR 2. In the aspect of pollutants removal, compared with reactor 1, the removal efficiencies of total nitrogen(TN) and total phosphorus(TP) in SBR 2 and SBR 3 increased by 10.80% and 15.20%, 9.40% and 12.40%, respectively, and SBR 3 showed the highest performance on nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In addition, the removal rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in SBR 3 were significantly higher than those in SBR during the typical circle; during 240 min, the TN removal rates in SBR 1 and SBR 3 were 4.56 mg·(L·h)−1 and 5.84 mg·(L·h)−1, respectively, the TP removal rates in SBR 1 and SBR 3 were 0.44 mg·(L·h)−1,0.51 mg·(L·h)−1, respectively. Therefore, the silica-based magnetic particles (nano-Fe3O4@SiO2) could improve its dispersion in water and contact with sludge, then significantly promoted the formation of granular sludge through enrichment on the sludge surface by magnetic aggregation, adsorption functions, and was conducive to the interception and adsorption of the microbes of nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The removal efficiency and rate of nitrogen and phosphorus were improved. This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the effect of magnetic nanomaterials on the denitrification and phosphorus removal performance of SBR activated sludge.
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