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近年来,随着人们对于资源衰减问题的日益关注,大家开始更加注重废弃资源的循环利用。有数据显示,2015年我国污泥产量超过3 000×104 t,畜禽废弃物排放总量接近38×108 t,并且都呈现不断增长的趋势[1-3]。如何有效利用这些废弃资源成为当前研究的热点。蚯蚓堆肥(vermicomposting)是利用蚯蚓和微生物,将有机废弃物进行快速有效地分解并将其转换成腐殖质的处理方法,是一种生态环境友好的堆肥技术[4]。相对于自然堆肥,蚯蚓堆肥处理更加有效,对有机废弃物具有很大的分解、处理潜力[5]。同时,蚯蚓堆肥较普通堆肥能产生碳氮比更加适宜、营养更高的优质肥料[4]。
污泥作为污水处理的产物,富含大量有机成分和矿物质营养元素,但不加任何处理的污泥用于土地利用会对土壤和植物产生不利影响,对其进行适当稳定化处理是其资源化利用的首要条件。蚯蚓堆肥已经广泛应用在处理城市污泥和工业污泥方面[6-9]。但工业污泥中常含有重金属和各种有机污染物,加上自身较低的碳氮比都会抑制蚯蚓活动,阻碍其生长和繁殖,进而影响蚯蚓堆肥的效率[5,10]。另外,有学者认为新鲜污泥很容易产生有毒害作用的渗滤液,形成蚯蚓无法生存的厌氧环境,并不适合直接用于蚯蚓堆肥[11]。因此,在堆肥过程中常常使用各种填充剂作为改性物料,来改善污泥的理化性质,消除污泥毒性,保证蚯蚓的生长环境,以期获得更为理想的堆肥效果。目前,最常用的填充剂是牛粪[10],它非常适宜蚯蚓的生长繁殖[5],类似的还有生物炭[12]、水稻壳[13]、粉煤灰[14]、甘蔗渣[15]等。其中,园林废弃物作为一种潜在的废弃资源,同样具有巨大的利用价值[16]。但国内外关于比较污泥中添加园林废弃物和牛粪对蚯蚓堆肥影响的研究较少。根据以往研究[13-15],蚯蚓在不同物料的混合物中会表现出不同的生长和繁殖状况。因此,选择适宜的物料和相应的混合比例至关重要。本研究以赤子爱胜蚓作为供试蚯蚓,探讨了园林废弃物和牛粪与污泥的不同配比对蚯蚓生长繁殖和物料理化性质的影响,为蚯蚓堆肥技术的资源化利用提供参考。
添加牛粪和园林废弃物对污泥蚯蚓堆肥的影响
Effect of adding cow dung and garden waste on sewage sludge vermicomposting process
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摘要: 为研究污泥中添加不同比例的牛粪和园林废弃物对蚯蚓堆肥的影响,在实验室进行了为期60 d的堆肥实验,测定了堆肥物料的理化性质以及蚯蚓的存活率、平均体重、产茧量的变化情况。结果表明,100%污泥不适合蚯蚓的生长繁殖,添加牛粪/园林废弃物后可以显著改善蚯蚓的生长繁殖,进而提高蚯蚓的存活率和产茧量;污泥比例较低时,添加牛粪处理组的累计产茧量要高于添加园林废弃物的处理组,但当污泥比例大于25%时,添加园林废弃物的污泥更适合蚯蚓繁殖。冗余分析结果表明,pH、TN对蚯蚓的生长和繁殖起着重要的作用。蚯蚓堆肥可以改善物料的理化状况,提高堆肥产物中氮、磷、钾的养分含量,加速污泥的稳定化,提高其肥料价值。Abstract: A 60 d laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of adding different proportions of cow dung and garden waste on sewage sludge vermicomposting. The changes in the survival rate, average mass, cocoon number of earthworm and the physico-chemical properties of composting materials were monitored. The results show that 100% sewage sludge was not suitable for the growth and reproduction of earthworm. Adding cow dung or garden waste could significantly ameliorate the growth and reproduction of earthworm, then raised its survival rate and cocoon number. When the proportion of sewage sludge was low, the cumulative earthworm cocoon numbers for the cow dung treatment was higher than that for the garden waste treatment. However, when the proportion of sludge was greater than 25%, garden waste addition was more suitable to earthworm growth. Redundancy analysis shows that pH and TN played important roles in the growth and reproduction of earthworms. Vermicomposting can ameliorate the physical and chemical conditions of composting materials, improve the proportion of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in compost products, and accelerate the stabilization of sewage sludge, and improve the value of fertilizer.
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Key words:
- vermicomposting /
- sewage sludge /
- cow dung /
- garden waste /
- growth and reproduction
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表 1 3种供试材料的理化性质
Table 1. Initial physico-chemical properties of three different materials used for vermicomposting
供试材料 pH 电导率/(mS·cm−1) 有机质/% 总氮/(g·kg−1) 总磷/(g·kg−1) 总钾/(g·kg−1) 污泥 5.14±0.05 3.57±0.13 38.58±0.01 13.67±0.57 9.83±0.02 1.39±0.02 牛粪 8.65±0.20 2.46±0.16 80.75±0.05 18.80±0.72 2.95±0.09 7.23±0.23 园林废弃物 6.74±0.02 1.43±0.02 80.48±0.01 12.39±0.52 1.70±0.03 4.45±1.16 供试材料 铜/(mg·kg−1) 砷/(mg·kg−1) 铅/(mg·kg−1) 铬/(mg·kg−1) 镉/(mg·kg−1) 锌/(mg·kg−1) 污泥 186.3±1.1 26.25±0.65 24.68±0.31 1 037.2±14.3 0.39±0.01 2 946.5±20.5 牛粪 38.8±0.9 1.66±0.07 2.86±0.18 20.8±1.2 0.23±0.06 263.1±11.9 园林废弃物 23.3±0.3 2.76±0.12 8.90±0.40 67.4±0.3 0.30±0.12 5.1±1.2 表 2 3种不同物料的混合比例
Table 2. Proportion of three materials in different treatments
材料 处理 物料比例 污泥+牛粪 T1 100%污泥 T2 75%污泥+25%牛粪 T3 50%污泥+50%牛粪 T4 25%污泥+75%牛粪 T5 100%牛粪 污泥+园林废弃物 D1 100%污泥 D2 75%污泥+25%园林废弃物 D3 50%污泥+50%园林废弃物 D4 25%污泥+75%园林废弃物 D5 100%园林废弃物 表 3 不同处理组在堆肥始末的pH和EC
Table 3. Initial and final pH and EC in different treatments of vermicomposting
供试材料 处理组 pH EC/(mS·cm−1) 0 d 60 d 0 d 60 d 污泥+牛粪 T1 5.14±0.04m 5.15±0.01m 3.57±0.13f 4.40±0.04d T2 5.65±0.05j 5.85±0.03hi 3.92±0.13e 5.42±0.10c T3 6.33±0.05f 5.72±0.01ij 4.51±0.07d 5.76±0.06b T4 7.39±0.17c 6.81±0.07e 4.41±0.47d 6.67±0.19a T5 8.65±0.22a 7.31±0.14c 2.46±0.16h 5.59±0.44bc 污泥+园林废弃物 D1 5.14±0.04m 5.15±0.01m 3.57±0.13f 4.40±0.04d D2 5. 40±0.04l 5.55±0.01k 3.34±0.07fg 4.38±0.03d D3 5.77±0.01hij 6.01±0.08g 3.34±0.06fg 4.31±0.06d D4 5.89±0.01gh 7.00±0.10d 3.22±0.08g 3.82±0.02e D5 6.74±0.02e 8.48±0.02b 1.43±0.02j 2.00±0.04i 注:不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。 -
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