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近年来,工业化快速发展所引起的环境问题越来越严重,光催化技术作为解决环境问题的新技术得到广泛应用。光催化技术作为一种高效、安全的环境友好型环境净化技术,已成为现在最有前景的技术之一[1]。光催化是基于光催化剂在光照条件下具有的氧化还原能力而净化污染物[2]。二氧化钛(TiO2)由于其具有化学性质稳定、无毒、抗腐蚀性能强、价格低廉等优点,成为目前被广泛研究应用的半导体光催化材料,并应用于各类催化反应[3-5]。但是由于TiO2带隙较宽(锐钛矿型电位为3.2 eV),只能响应波长小于388 nm的紫外光,而太阳光中紫外线只占3%~5%,利用率低[6-8]。
大量的研究发现,TiO2的光催化活性取决于能带结构,而改变能带结构并扩展吸收光谱范围最有效的办法是掺杂金属和非金属元素[9]。其中掺杂非金属元素中研究最多的是有关氮掺杂的研究。目前报道的制备氮掺杂的方法主要包括溅射法[10]、脉冲激光沉积法[11]、溶胶凝胶法[12]和机械化学法[13]等。在这些方法中,溅射法和脉冲激光沉积法对于反应设备的要求较高,溶胶凝胶法和机械化学法对于反应条件的控制要求较高。相对于以上方法,高温煅烧法是可以通过控制煅烧氛围、温度及时间来制成光催化剂且易操作的方法。胡振华[14]通过采用改变TiO2前驱物的煅烧氛围,利用高纯氮气作为TiO2结晶的气氛,获得了禁带宽度小、颜色变化、具有可见光响应的锐钛矿相TiO2。
尽管国内外已有对制作掺氮二氧化钛的相关报道[15-16],但是煅烧氛围对氮掺杂二氧化钛的影响及其光催化性能的研究报道较少。本实验采用溶胶-凝胶法,以钛酸丁酯为钛源,以尿素为氮源制备N-TiO2前驱体,分别在空气和氮气氛围下煅烧,制备出N-TiO2光催化剂粉体;借助XRD、BET、TEM等手段对光催化剂进行表征,分析光催化剂的微观结构和比表面积等,选用甲基橙溶液为目标污染物,对光催化剂N-TiO2可见光降解性能进行评价,为相关的氮掺杂研究提供参考。
煅烧氛围对N-TiO2可见光催化性能的影响
Effect of calcination atmospheres on visible light photocatalytic performance of N-TiO2
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摘要: 以钛酸丁酯为钛源,以尿素为氮源,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备TiO2中间体,分别在空气和氮气氛围下煅烧制得N-TiO2光催化剂,采用XRD、TEM、BET、UV-vis DRS、FT-IR、EDS和XPS等手段进行表征,以甲基橙溶液为目标污染物考察了其可见光催化性能。结果表明:N-TiO2(N2)较N-TiO2(空气)具有晶粒尺寸小、可见光响应性强和有效掺氮量高等优势;可见光持续光照240 min时,N-TiO2(N2)对甲基橙溶液的光降解率达86.2%,较N-TiO2(空气)提高近20%;N-TiO2对MO的可见光降解反应符合假一级动力学方程,且N-TiO2(N2)的表观速率常数是N-TiO2(空气)的近5倍。N-TiO2制备过程中采用N2氛围下煅烧处理较空气氛围更有利于N元素的有效掺入,相应地,可见光催化活性更高。Abstract: The intermediate N-doped TiO2 was firstly prepared by sol-gel method using butyl titanate as titanium source and urea as nitrogen source, then was calcined in air and nitrogen atmosphere, respectively, N-TiO2 photocatalysts were produced accordingly. XRD, TEM, BET, UV-vis DRS, FT-IR, EDS and XPS were used to characterize them, and their visible-light catalytic activities were investigated when methyl orange (MO) solution was selected as the model pollutant. The results showed that compared with N-TiO2 (air), N-TiO2 (N2) had smaller grain size, stronger visible-light response, higher effective nitrogen doping and so on. When visible-light irradiated for 240 min, the photodegradation rate of MO with N-TiO2 (N2) was up to 86.2 %, which was about 20 % higher than that of N-TiO2 (air). The visible-light degradation reaction of MO with N-TiO2 fitted pseudo-first-order kinetic equation, and the apparent reaction rate constant of N-TiO2(N2) was 5 times as large as that of N-TiO2 (air). So the calcination of N-TiO2 in N2 atmosphere was more favorable to the effective doping of N element than that of air atmosphere. Correspondingly, the visible light catalytic activity of N-TiO2 (N2) was higher than that of N-TiO2 (air).
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Key words:
- TiO2 /
- nitrogen doping /
- calcination atmosphere /
- visible light /
- photocatalytic activities
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表 1 光催化剂中各元素的EDS组成
Table 1. EDS elemental composition of the photocatalysts
元素 N-TiO2(空气) N-TiO2(N2) 质量分数/% 原子个数百分比/% 质量分数/% 原子个数百分比/% C(K) 1.81 3.62 13.91 21.95 N(K) 未检出 未检出 14.05 19.01 O(K) 47.05 70.71 38.73 45.88 Ti(K) 51.15 25.67 33.31 13.18 表 2 甲基橙光降解的线性回归系数和表观速率常数
Table 2. Linear regression coefficients of MO photodegradation and apparent rate constants
光催化剂 R2 kapp/min−1 TiO2 0.991 3 0.000 58 N-TiO2(空气) 0.996 8 0.001 65 N-TiO2(N2) 0.995 3 0.008 08 -
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