Keywords: 
• bisphenol A /
• bisphenol F /
• bisphenol S /
• Pelophylax nigromaculatus /
• embryo /
• tadpole /
• acute toxicity

Abstract: Little is known about toxic effects ofbisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS), although they have been used widely as BPA substitutes. To compare acute toxicity between BPF/BPS and BPA, the lethal concentrations 50% (LC₅₀), minimum concentration to inhibit growth (MCIG) and teratogenic rate were measured for Pelophylax nigromaculatus embryos and tadpoles. It was found that 96 h-exposure to 100 mg·L^-1 BPS caused no malformation and death of P. nigromaculatus embryos and tadpoles. The 96 h-LC₅₀ values of BPA and BPF for embryos were 7.68 mg·L^-1 and 7.99 mg·L^-1, with 4.47 mg·L^-1 and 4.77 mg·L^-1 for the MCIG values, respectively. The maximum teratogenic rates both are 33.33%. The 96 h-LC₅₀ values of BPA and BPF for tad-poles are 9.00 mg-L^-1 and 9.52 mg·L^-1, respectively. The results showed that BPF was comparable to BPA in term of acute toxicity, while acute toxicity of BPS was considerably lower than that of BPA. According to toxicity grading standards of Guidelines on Environmental Safety Assessment for Chemical Pesticides, BPA and BPF are determined as medium toxic chemicals to P. nigromaculatus embryos and tadpoles, with BPS as a low toxic chemical. Our study can provide a helpful reference for the production and use of BPF and BPS, and also the corresponding environmental management.