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大量施用氮肥满足了我国日益增长的粮食需求,但也造成极大的环境风险. 研究表明,我国平均施氮量和氮利用率分别为全球平均水平的412%和60%[1- 2],约50%氮肥通过径流、淋溶和挥发等途径流失[3]. 氮肥进入土壤后,聚合物形式的有机氮先降解为可溶性有机氮,再矿化为极易流失的可溶性无机氮(主要为铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3−-N))[4]. 降雨和灌溉引起的地表径流和水分入渗极易造成可溶性无机氮流失. 径流初期NH4+-N易随表层土壤颗粒迁移,随后NO3−-N流失量显著上升约占氮流失量的70%-90%[5 − 6]. NO3−-N不仅是径流氮素流失的主要形态,还易随水分入渗向深层土壤迁移并污染地下水. Song等[7]指出,土壤年氮损失中约90%的氮素通过淋溶途径流失,NO3−-N流失占溶解氮损失的65%-90%. 除土壤含水量、降水量等自然因素外,施加化肥将导致土壤氮流失量提高约105%-123%[8 − 9]、农业生产成本显著上升和面源污染加重[10]. 研究表明,造成水体污染的氮素约77%来自农业,远高于畜牧养殖和生活排污[11],农田氮素流失对水质恶化和水体富营养化的贡献逐年上升. 当前,我国农田氮流失情况严重[12],氮流失高风险和极高风险区约占总调查面积的20%以上[13 − 14],我国将面对农业土壤总氮流失显著增加的巨大挑战.
国内外学者常将秸秆还田以缓解农田土壤氮流失,但秸秆还田可能会抑制播种期作物生长、加重作物病虫害、促进一氧化二氮(N2O)、甲烷(CH4)、二氧化碳(CO2)等温室气体的排放[15 − 18],其中N2O累计排放量最高可增加1421%[19]. 此外秸秆还田减少NO3−-N淋溶流失的能力有限,秸秆内的氮素溶于径流还会导致土壤氮流失总量上升[20]. 但将秸秆制成生物炭,可以降低秸秆还田引发农田周边水体富营养化的风险[21]. 近年,大量研究证实,施加生物炭在减少氮素流失[22 − 24]、提升土壤肥力[25 − 27]等方面具有很高的工程应用价值和广阔的发展前景. 我国每年产生超过40多亿吨的农业废弃物,以农业废弃物为原料热解制成的生物炭既解决了废弃物随意处理造成的环境问题,又实现了农业废弃物资源化利用[28].
因此,本文将从生物炭吸附NH4+-N和NO3−-N的能力和施加生物炭对土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构、氮循环相关基因表达、植物氮摄取能力的影响等方面阐述施加生物炭缓解土壤氮素流失的机理,以期为今后的研究提供理论基础.
施加生物炭缓解土壤氮流失机理的研究进展
Advances in nitrogen loss reduction mechanism study by biochar application
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摘要: 施加生物炭不仅可以抑制农田土壤氮素流失,还可以实现农业废弃物资源化利用. 因此,本文分析了现有研究结果,重点剖析生物炭的NH4+-N和NO3−-N吸附容量的差异和施加生物炭对土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构和植物氮吸收能力的影响,综述生物炭抑制土壤氮素流失的机理,并对今后深入研究施加生物炭缓解土壤氮素流失的有关方向进行展望. 施加生物炭缓解土壤氮素流失的机理主要为:缓解NH4+-N和NO3−-N的流失、抑制N2O的逸散、提高植物吸收氮素的能力. 生物炭不仅拥有较强的NH4+-N吸附能力,还具有提高土壤碳含量、pH值和土壤含水量等能力,从而降低因地表径流和水分入渗导致的NH4+-N和NO3−-N流失量. 施加生物炭抑制土壤中N2O的逸散的主要原因是生物炭可以促进土壤中氨氧化古菌、氨氧化细菌、完全氨氧化菌等微生物的富集、提高nxrA、napAB和nrfA等基因的丰度和亚硝酸氧化还原酶活性,以此降低反硝化反应速率. 此外,施加生物炭有助于降低根系生长阻力,促进植物根系生长发育,并提高植物吸收氮素的能力,进一步降低土壤溶液中NO3−-N的浓度. 未来关于施加生物炭缓解农田土壤氮流失领域的研究建议从以下几个方向展开:探究生物炭热解方式、理化性质和施加方法等因素对农田土壤氮流失的影响;关注生物炭促进土壤中异化硝酸盐还原成铵反应和完全氨氧化反应对减少N2O逸散量的贡献;重视生物炭材料中金属离子对土壤中铁氨氧化反应、厌氧氨氧化反应等氮循环途径的影响.Abstract: Biochar application can not only reduce the nitrogen loss in farmland, but also realize the resource utilization of agricultural waste. Thus, in this paper, experimental results of existing studies were analyzed, as well as the differences in the adsorption capacity of biochar NH4+-N and NO3−-N and the effects on soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and plant nitrogen absorption capacity , the mechanisms of reducing nitrogen loss from soil by biochar application was clarified, and future research priorities were prospected. The mechanisms of reducing nitrogen loss from soil by biochar application mainly include: reducing the loss of NH4+-N and NO3−-N, mitigating the N2O emission, and improving the ability of plants to absorb nitrogen. Biochar not only has strong NH4+-N adsorption capacity, but also has the ability to increase soil carbon content, pH value and soil water content, so as to reduce the loss of NH4+-N and NO3−-N caused by surface runoff and water infiltration. Biochar application can mitigate N2O emission in the soil is because biochar could enrich the microorganisms such as ammonia oxidizing archaea, ammonia oxidizing bacteria, and cmplete ammonia oxidizing bacteria in the soil, increase the abundance of genes such as nxrA, napAB, and nrfA, and enhance nitrite oxidoreductase activity, thereby reducing the rate of denitrification. Additionally, biochar application could reduce root growth resistance, promote plant root growth, and improve the ability of plants to absorb nitrogen, thereby further reducing the concentration of NO3−-N in the soil. Future research is suggested to be carried out in the following aspects: exploring the effects of biochar pyrolysis methods, physicochemical properties and application methods on nitrogen loss from soil; focusing on the contribution of biochar application to the reduction of N2O emission by improving the efficiency of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium reaction and anammox reaction; emphasizing the impact of metal ions in biochar on nitrogen cycle pathways such as feammox reaction and anammox reaction in soil.
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Key words:
- biochar /
- soil /
- nitrogen loss /
- adsorption /
- N2
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表 1 施加生物炭对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 1. Effects of biochar returning on soil physicochemical properties
材料
MaterialspH 含水量
Water content容重
Bulk densitySOC 总氮
Total nitrogen碱解氮
Akaline nitrogen decomposition参考文献
References牛粪生物炭
Cow dung biochar42.5% — — 148.6% 72.0% — [54] 棉花秸秆生物炭
Cotton straw biochar— 54.2% —7.6% 6.4% 2.5% — [55] 玉米秸秆生物炭
Corn stover biochar15.0% — — 45.9% — 19.0% [56] 5.3% — — 145.0% — 12.2% [57] 6.9% 17.4% —9.87% — 6.73% — [58] 1.2% 13.9% —14.3% 54.1% 26.2% 23.5% [59] 小麦秸秆生物炭
Wheat straw biochar7.9% — — 344.8% 155.1% — [60] 5.3% 36.7% — — — 50.0% [61] 水稻秸秆生物炭
Rice straw biochar5.2% — — 29.3% 4.5% — [62] 苹果枝生物炭
Apple branch biochar7.8% 24.6% −12.9% — — — [63] 11.2% — — 207.4% 67.5% — [64] 稻壳生物炭
Rice husk biochar5.4% 47.9% −30.4% — 29.8% — [65] 秸秆生物炭
Straw biochar5.2% −8.0% −5.6% — 112.8% — [65] — 42.2% −19.6% 179.6% 30.5% — [66] 2.4% 44.7% −32.5% 297.2% — — [67] 表中所有数值均为与CK组对比换算后的各指标变化的百分比,“负数”表示该指标的数值因生物炭添加而降低.
All values in the table are converted percentage changes in each indicator compared to the CK group. “—” indicates that the value of this indicator decreases due to the biochar application. -
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