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我国工业高速发展及城镇化进程,使得重金属造成的水污染日趋严重,成为了全球关注的环境问题之一[1]. 重金属不可被生物降解,易在生物体内累积并通过食物链放大,严重威胁人类健康及生态系统. 镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)是工业废水中最常见的重金属污染物[2]. Ni、Zn是生命体需要的微量元素,但高浓度Ni2+、Zn2+能引起呕吐、哮喘及中枢神经系统紊乱等中毒症状[3 − 4];Cd2+即使在较低浓度下也表现出较高生物毒性[5],长期接触Cd2+会导致慢性肺部疾病、骨骼畸形和肾功能衰减等问题[6]. 因此,高效去除水体中的以镉(Cd)、锌(Zn)、镍(Ni)为代表的重金属离子成为了亟待解决的问题,并在近年来受到了相关研究领域的广泛关注.
从水中去除重金属离子的方法包括吸附、化学沉淀/混凝、离子交换、膜技术和电化学方法等[7]. 随着纳米技术的发展,纳米材料在水处理中逐渐发挥重要作用. 其中,纳米零价铁(nanoscale zero-valent iron, nZVI)凭借比表面积大、还原活性高、适用面广、环境友好等特性被广泛用于水环境中的重金属去除[8]. nZVI的粒径在(20—100) nm范围,呈链状,合成后瞬间在表面生成铁(氢)氧化物,这使nZVI形成了独特“核-壳”结构[9]. nZVI在参与重金属去除过程中,外氧化壳层首先通过静电引力和表面络合作用吸附重金属离子,随后单质铁核可以充当电子供体还原被吸附的重金属离子,因此nZVI对重金属的去除可能涉及吸附和还原机制[10]. 但nZVI在实践应用中也呈现出一定的局限性,如易自发团聚,表面活性位点减少;极易被空气和水氧化,大大削弱其还原能力,导致活性降低. 为了解决上述问题,大量研究对nZVI的改性进行了探索[11 − 13],旨在进一步提升nZVI的稳定性、电子传递效率和去除的选择性.
研究发现,nZVI对磷酸盐具有很强的亲和力,能通过吸附、沉淀等作用高效去除水中PO43-[14 − 15]. 研究进一步表明,吸附在nZVI表面的PO43-能生成钝化层,磷酸基团的侧链质子抑制nZVI与氧和水的反应,从而对nZVI起到一定保护作用[16]. 因此,表面磷酸化能提高nZVI在水中的稳定性. 此外,磷酸盐能取代nZVI表面的羟基,与重金属形成三元配合物,进而增强其对重金属的配位能力[17]. 基于上述特性,表面磷酸化的nZVI(phosphorylated nanoscale zero-valent iron, P-nZVI)用于污染物去除已被广泛研究,如Zhang等[16]发现四聚磷酸盐改性nZVI对阿特拉津的降解过程中,四聚磷酸盐的存在抑制了质子还原,增强了分子氧活化,使阿特拉津的降解率提高955倍. Li等[18]的研究表明,磷酸化改性后,P-nZVI对Cr(Ⅵ)还原的电子选择性从6.1%提高到31.3%,去除效率提高了4倍,这是由于磷酸化修饰增强了对铬的吸附能力,进而促进其还原. 综上所述,nZVI的表面磷酸盐改性能提高对重金属离子的配位能力,同时表面磷酸盐抑制了nZVI被水和氧气氧化,在增强nZVI对重金属离子吸附能力的基础上有效提高了nZVI对吸附在表面的重金属的还原能力,其改性策略成本低,操作简单,效果显著. 但目前,P-nZVI对不同种类重金属的去除性能、机理的相关比较研究仍较少,因此,比较P-nZVI对常见重金属的去除能力和作用机制具有较大的研究价值.
本研究以KH2PO4为磷化剂,通过液相还原法制备磷化改性的nZVI,并且选择了Cd2+、Zn2+、Ni2+3种典型的重金属离子作为目标污染物. 由于Fe0对Cd2+、Zn2+、Ni2+具有不同的还原能力;Cd2+、Zn2+、Ni2+受pH影响的沉淀-溶解特性存在差异;同时,其与表面磷酸根的亲和力也不尽相同,因此磷酸化改性后的nZVI对于上述3种金属离子的去除特性可能存在差异. 本文在讨论P-nZVI去除水溶液中Cd2+、Zn2+、Ni2+效果的基础上,进一步研究了pH、干扰离子等影响因素的影响,并结合XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM等表征,讨论P-nZVI去除Cd2+、Zn2+、Ni2+的微观机理差异. 本研究旨在比较P-nZVI对不同重金属的去除能力、重金属去除过程中的影响因素和微观界面特征,为进一步深入探索P-nZVI在微界面上与重金属离子的作用机理提供一定的参考.
磷酸化纳米铁去除水中Cd2+、Zn2+、Ni2+的比较
Investigation on the removal of Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+ from water by phosphorylated nanoscale zero-valent iron
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摘要: 重金属污染已成为全球关注的环境问题,镉、镍和锌是工业生产中常见的重金属污染. 纳米零价铁是重金属污染控制的重要环境功能材料,其改性优化工作也备受关注. 本文采用液相还原法在制备过程中添加KH2PO4合成磷酸化纳米铁(phosphorylated nanoscale zero-valent iron,P-nZVI),考察了磷酸化对纳米铁去除Cd2+、Zn2+、Ni2+的效果的影响,评估了磷酸化对抗pH、干扰离子影响的效果,并结合XRD、SEM、S/TEM、XPS等表征手段比较了P-nZVI去除3种重金属的作用机制. 研究表明,P-nZVI对Cd2+、Zn2+的去除效率均显著优于纳米零价铁(nanoscale zero-valent iron,nZVI),分别为79.6%、90.6%. 吸附过程以P-nZVI表面磷酸基团的吸附为主,均可用准二级动力学描述. Ni2+的去除包括吸附和还原作用,加剧了铁芯腐蚀,使其去除效率达到92.6%. 因此,磷酸化修饰能通过累积零价铁表面负电荷以加速吸附过程;裂纹结构能降低金属离子跨越氧化铁层的阻碍,促进氧化还原,提高Fe0利用率.Abstract: Heavy metal pollution has become an environmental issue raising global concern, and cadmium, nickel and zinc are common heavy metal pollution in industrial production. Nano zero-valent iron is an important environmental functional material for heavy metal pollution removal, and its modification as well as optimization have attracted much attention. In this study, we prepared phosphorylated nanoscale zero-valent iron (P-nZVI) by liquid-phase reduction using NaBH4, FeCl3∙6H2O in the presence of KH2PO4. The performances of P-nZVI on the removal of Cd2+, Zn2+, Ni2+were examined and the effects of initial solution pH and interfering ions were also investigated. Several characterization techniques were adopted to explore the morphology, structure and interface characteristics of P-nZVI including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) integrated with energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results indicated that the removal efficiency of P-nZVI was significantly improved than that of nanoscale zero-valent iron(nZVI) for both Cd2+ and Zn2+ with 79.6% and 90.6%, respectively. The removal process was dominated by the adsorption of phosphate groups on the surface of P-nZVI, and both could be described by quasi-secondary kinetics. Unlike Cd2+ and Zn2+, removal of Ni2+ involved adsorption and reduction, with increased corrosion of internal iron core, resulting in a high removal efficiency of 92.6%. In summary, the advantages of phosphorylated zero-valent iron nanoparticles are described as follows: phosphate groups can accelerate the adsorption process resulting from more negative charge on the zero-valent iron surface; the cracked structure can reduce the barrier of metal ions across the iron oxide layer, promote e-transfer and improve utilization of Fe0.
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Key words:
- nanoscale zero-valent iron /
- phosphorylation /
- heavy metal /
- adsorption /
- redox reaction.
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图 1 (a)P-nZVIHAADF-STEM图像和Fe、O、P、Fe+O的EDS 元素分布图;(b)P-nZVI的Fe 2p、O1s XPS谱图;(c)不同pH下P-nZVI、nZVI的Zeta电位图;(d)P-nZVI上磷酸基团的结合示意图
Figure 1. (a)HAADF-STEM image of fresh P-nZVI as well as the corresponding elemental mapping of Fe, O, P and the overlapped mapping of Fe, O;(b)XPS survey spectra of P 2p, Fe 2p and O 1s of P-nZVI;(c)zeta potential of P-nZVI and nZVI at different pH;(d)schematic diagram of phosphate groups binding mode
图 3 (a, b)反应动力学曲线;(c, d)伪一级、伪二级动力学拟合曲线;(e)pH的影响;(f, g, h)干扰离子的影响
Figure 3. (a, b)Kinetic adsorption experiments of nZVI and P-nZVI;(c, d)fitted curves of pseudo-first-order kinetic model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model;(e)influence of different pH conditions;(f, g, h)influence of interfering ions
表 1 nZVI及P-nZVI的比表面积、孔容、孔径对比
Table 1. Comparison of specific surface area, pore volume and pore size of nZVI and P-nZVI
比表面积/(m2·g−1)
Surface area孔容/(cm3·g−1)
Pore volume孔径/nm
Pore sizenZVI 26.54±2.13 0.0759±0.0030 27.67±0.06 P-nZVI 159.27±1.01 0.6093±0.0025 21.22±0.19 表 2 nZVI及P-nZVI的O1s XPS谱中O2-、OH-及H2O相对丰度(% at.)
Table 2. Relative abundance of O2-, OH- and H2O in the O1s XPS spectra of nZVI and P-nZVI
P-nZVI nZVI O2- 23.11 43.98 OH- 62.88 53.08 H2O 14.01 2.94 总计 100 表 3 P-nZVI及去除重金属后的EDS定量结果
Table 3. Quantitative results of EDS before and after removal of heavy metals
P-nZVI 除Cd2+后
After removal of Cd2+除Zn2+后
After removal of Zn2+除Ni2+后
After removal of Ni2+Fe 85.68 63.55 76.01 28.22 O 13.83 34.37 21.90 54.50 P 0.49 1.45 1.13 0.62 目标污染物 — 0.64 0.95 16.55 总计 100 -
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