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高氯酸根与人体特异性膜蛋白 (Na+/I-Symporter, NIS) 的结合度高,其电荷和离子半径与碘离子的非常相近,与碘离子竞争转运蛋白使甲状腺对碘的吸收减少,会导致甲状腺激素T3和T4的合成量下降,从而影响甲状腺正常的功能、代谢和发育,严重时诱发甲状腺癌[1-6]。若婴幼儿体内高氯酸盐过量,造成碘缺乏,就会出现学习障碍、不可逆的智商发育迟缓、多动症、注意力分散、弱智等症状,严重时可直接促使人体脑瘫或死亡。整体上,缺碘儿童的IQ比正常儿童约低10个点[7-9]。另有研究发现乳腺、肾脏等组织器官中也能检测到高氯酸盐, 因此认为其在人体组织中存在迁移和累积,甚至可通过脐带传递给下一代[10]。二十世纪八十年代,美国公共健康服务组织对加州、犹他州和亚里桑那州的健康普查数据表明,在高氯酸根排放集中的地区,婴儿先天性甲状腺机能不足的患病率高于全国平均水平2~3倍[11]。
高氯酸盐因其溶解性和扩散性广泛的分布于饮用水和食品中,因其稳定性可在生物体内持续存在。自1977年,美国加利福尼亚州饮用水中检测到较高浓度的高氯酸盐,此后陆续在该国其他州也发现饮用水高氯酸盐浓度偏高的现象。目前,已经有多个国家和组织规定了饮用水中高氯酸盐的限值。2005年,加拿大将水中高氯酸盐质量浓度限定为 6 μg·L−1,2020年11月又将其更新为4 μg·L−1 [12];韩国环境保护部门亦将高氯酸盐列入水污染物名单,并规定其限值为 15 μg·L−1 [13];日本供水公司在2015年提出水源地地下水中高氯酸盐质量浓度限值,为5 μg·L−1 [14];世界卫生组织 (World Health Organization,WHO) 于2017年制定了饮用水中高氯酸盐质量浓度限值为70 μg·L−1 [15];2009年1月,美国环保署 (Environmental Protection Agency,EPA) 饮用水中高氯酸盐的推荐参考剂量为15 μg·L−1 [16];2019年6月,EPA在《联邦公报》 (Federal Register) 中提出,建议饮用水中高氯酸盐限值最高为56 μg·L−1,但不作为参考剂量。
我国是高氯酸盐生产和排放较多的国家,且部分地区饮用水高氯酸盐污染严重,但仍缺乏全国性研究,《生活饮用水卫生标准》 (GB5749-2006) 及各历史标准中均未将其列入水质标准中并给出限值。为了更全面、充分地了解高氯酸盐对人类健康的现实威胁,应对饮用水中高氯酸盐质量浓度进行持续动态监测。本研究基于我国多个流域的水环境高氯酸盐浓度和人体对碘吸收的抑制效应评估我国人群高氯酸盐暴露风险,同时推算饮用水水质安全基准值,以期为我国饮用水高氯酸盐标准制定提供支撑。
《生活饮用水卫生标准》 (GB 5749-2022) 中高氯酸盐指标及限值的制定思路
The formulation of perchlorate limits in GB 5749-2022 “Drinking Water Sanitation Standard”
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摘要: 高氯酸盐干扰人体甲状腺对碘的吸收,扰乱甲状腺激素水平,导致甲状腺体积增大、增生、功能减退等健康问题,引起国内外专家的关注。美国、加拿大等国已开始对饮用水高氯酸盐浓度进行限定。我国是高氯酸盐生产和消耗大国,水源地普遍检出且局部存在高浓度污染,然而却缺乏饮用水高氯酸盐暴露的人群风险评估和相应的安全基准值。基于“十一五”和“十二五”期间全国重点城市饮用水水质监测数据,评估了我国水环境中高氯酸盐的污染状况和暴露风险,发现我国水厂出水高氯酸盐浓度超过安全阈值的发生概率为2.18×10−4。根据敏感人群无有害可见作用水平,结合我国人群饮用水途径高氯酸盐暴露的贡献率,计算并推荐我国饮用水高氯酸盐安全基准浓度为70 μg·L−1,该研究结果为我国饮用水高氯酸盐标准制定提供支撑。Abstract: Perchlorate interferes with the absorption of iodine by the human thyroid, disrupts the level of thyroid hormone, and leads to health problems such as thyroid hypertrophy、hyperplasia and hypothyroidism, which has attracted the attention of experts at home and abroad. The United States, Canada and other countries had begun to limit the concentration of perchlorate in drinking water. China produces and consumes a lot of perchlorate, and high concentrations of pollution are commonly detected in water sources. However, there is a lack of risk assessment and corresponding safety benchmark for people exposed to perchlorate in drinking water. Based on during the period of "11th five-year plan" and the "12th five-year plan " national key urban drinking water quality monitoring data, evaluated the perchlorate pollution condition of water environment and the risk of exposure. The results show that the occurrence probability of perchlorate concentration exceeding the safety threshold is 2.18×10−4. According to the level of no harmful visible effects in sensitive population, combined with the contribution rate of perchlorate exposure in drinking water route of Chinese population, the safe baseline concentration of perchlorate in drinking water is calculated and recommended to be 70 μg·L−1, The results of this study provide support for the formulation of perchlorate standards for drinking water in China.
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Key words:
- perchlorate /
- drinking water safety /
- exposure risk /
- water quality benchmark
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表 1 高氯酸盐对人体无可见有害作用水平值汇总
Table 1. Summary of values for levels of no observed adverse effect of perchlorate on humans
表 2 本研究与国外饮用水高氯酸盐标准的参数取值对比
Table 2. Comparison of the perchlorate standard parameters of drinking water in this study and foreign countries
研究来源 参考剂量 /
(μg·(kg bw·d)−1)不确定
因子数体重/
kg饮用水
贡献率美国EPA 0.7 10 70 62% 世界卫生组织 (WHO) 10 10 60 20% 本研究 7 1 60 32% -
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