-
碳酸钡是从重晶石中获得的重要化学物质,我国主要采用碳化还原法生产碳酸钡,每年生产约70万t,约占世界碳酸钡产量的75%[1]. 由钡化合物在碳热还原和水/酸浸出过程中产生的废物称之为 “钡渣”,是钡盐工业生产中不溶的碱性工业固体危害废弃物[2],在《国家危险废物名录》(2021年版)的编号为HW47[3]. 碳化还原工艺的钡渣产污系数约为0.8[4],即每生产1 t钡盐要产生0.8—1 t钡渣[5],目前我国钡渣的年排放量超过100万t[6],累积总堆存量已超过千万t[7]. 钡渣中含有大量的可溶性钡,其中水溶性钡以BaS(0.5%—1.0%)为主[8],酸溶性钡以BaCO3、BaSiO3、BaSO3和Ba(FeO2)2为主[9],由于反应不完全,渣中仍可能存在少量未被还原的BaSO4 ,其占比约为20%—40%[10],还含有大量金属氧化物,主要包括BaO (37.60%)、SiO2(15.52%)、CaO (10.10%)、Al2O3(4.23%)、Fe2O3(3.29%)、MgO (1.44%)[11]. 钡渣中的可溶性钡离子具有毒害性和强碱腐蚀性,其浸出率高达92.8%[12],含钡离子溶液的致死量为0.8—0.9 g [13]. 对植物和动物构成潜在的毒性风险. 根据《危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别》(GB 5085.3-2007)[14],危险固体废物浸出液中的钡离子浓度不应超过100 mg·L−1,而钡渣的浸出浓度通常大于1000 mg·L-1[15](采用HJ/T 299-2007固体废物浸出毒性浸出方法 ),超过危险废物填埋污染控制标准(GB18958-2001)国家标准[16]2—10倍以上. 钡渣长期堆放会占用大量农田和土地,在气温高时,钡渣会发生自燃反应放出SO2气体;由于雨水渗透,钡渣会流出大量含硫化物的黄色渗滤液,可转入地表水和地下水中,并逸出H2S气体,对土壤和地下水产生毒害作用[17]. 同时,浸出液中的 Ba2+具有累积效应,通过食物链进入人体,对自然环境和人类生活造成不可逆转的伤害;此外,由于钡渣中存在的碱性组分和BaS还会使土壤盐碱化[18].
鉴于钡渣的潜在危害,国内外学者对钡渣的处理处置已有大量研究,主要集中于钡渣化学成分分析、处理工艺以及对其毒性的探讨,钡渣的处置工业化技术主要包括综合利用、资源回收和安全填埋等方面,但是国内在钡渣的综合利用和资源回收方面还处于研发试制阶段,尚未实现规模化的工业应用,并且容易造成二次污染. 钡渣的无害化和资源化处置方式主要有以焚烧降低毒性[19]、钡离子提取[20]、钡离子固化稳定化[21-22]等为主要的无害化处理手段和以作为建筑用材[4]、化工行业中提取高纯度钡盐[5, 8, 23-24]等为主的资源化处理手段. 钡渣的正确处理处置方式能够降低钡渣浸出液中的钡离子重金属毒性系数并进行综合减量化处理,但也存在局限性,在与其他物质的协同处理中不能充分发挥钡渣本身的优势,有用成分不能得以充分利用,进行产业循环. 综合以上处理处置现状分析,本研究提出钡渣的处理处置研究重点应从对钡渣的直接利用转向与其它物质的协同处理,实现“以废治废”和资源利用效益最大化.
近年来,随着碳酸钡生产行业的迅速发展,钡渣的存量越来越多,钡渣处理处置技术也快速发展. 本文综述了钡渣无害化处理、资源化利用、综合减量化的研究,并结合一些工业实例,对此类有害固体废物的污染特点及治理工艺方案进行了讨论和思考,为工业生产中钡渣处理的科学理论研究与实际实践操作有效结合提供借鉴.
钡渣处理与综合利用现状及发展
Present situation and development of barium slag treatment and comprehensive utilization
-
摘要: 我国是碳酸钡生产大国,其生产过程中产生了大量的钡渣,属于危险固体废物. 该文通过对国内外钡渣生产的污染现状和理化特性的介绍,结合文献资料,对有关钡渣处理利用的无害化处理、资源化利用、综合减量化等3个方面进行综述,并对其优缺点进行了分析. 基于此,该研究以“以废治废”为思路,提出以废物协同处理为主要手段的未来综合发展方向,实现钡渣资源利用的环境效益和经济效益最大化,有效避免环境污染和资源浪费问题,以期为我国钡化合物环保、循环、绿色的处理处置技术应用提供参考.Abstract: China contributes huge amount of barium carbonate. A large amount of barium slag is produced in the production process, which belongs to hazardous solid waste. By introducing the pollution status and physiochemical characteristics of barium slag production at home and abroad, reviewing literature data, this paper summarized the harmless treatment, resource utilization and comprehensive reduction of barium slag treatment techniques, and analyzed their advantages and disadvantages. Based on this, this research took the idea of "treating waste with waste", and proposed synergistic waste treatment as the main measure of future comprehensive development direction to utilize the environmental and economic benefits, to avoid environmental pollution and waste of resource. This research intends to provide reference for the application of environmental protecting, source recycling and sustainable treatment and disposal techniques of barium compounds in China.
-
Key words:
- barium slag /
- harmless /
- resource utilization /
- reduce /
- co-processing.
-
表 1 钡渣各成分分析
Table 1. Composition Analysis of barium slag
样本编号
Sample numberBaSO4/% BaCO3/% BaSiO3/% SiO2/% Al2O3/% BaS/% C/% 参考文献
References#1 28.50 12.70 — 26.00 4.00 0.71 — [25] #2 42.20 12.70 — 12.70 3.97 0.71 — [29] #3 14.10 14.22 11.57 4.0 — 0.95 — [22] #4 14.59 30.92 17.32 24.33 6.83 0.33 — [26] #5 27.54 29.32 — 14.62 4.32 2.25 — [30] #6 14.59 30.92 17.32 24.33 6.83 0.33 — [27] #7 18.42 5.12 2.90 24.4 5.85 9.98 19.99 [31] #8 a40.10 13.21 — — 3.64 0.74 — [32] b23.90 2.92 — — 6.56 0.50 — #9 a14.586 31.89 — 13.247 — 1.28 6.27 [33] b16.984 22.87 — 15.338 — 1.34 6.58 注:表中“#”表示钡渣样本; “—”表示未查到相关数据;“a”表示新渣;“b”表示陈渣.
Note: "#" in the table indicates barium slag samples;"-" indicates that no relevant data has been found;"a" indicates new barium slag; "b" indicates old barium slag.表 2 钡盐的浸出体系
Table 2. Leaching system of barium salt
工艺名称
Process name产品纯度
Product purityBa2+回收率
Recovery rate of Ba2+产品种类
Product category收益/(元·t−1)
Income参考文献
References一次盐酸浸取 — 78.51% 氯化钡 400 [5] 二次盐酸浸取 99.90% 95.00% 氯化钡 400 [24] 氯化焙烧-水浸体系 — 86.80% 氯化钡 400 [10] 乙醇-盐酸混合体系 99.71% 68.72% 氯化钡 400 [27] 硫酸法 97.60% — 硫酸钡 300—500 [30] 硝酸法 99.20% 85.51% 硝酸钡 700 [44] 注:“—”表示未查询到相关数据.
Note: "—" indicates that no relevant data has been found. -
[1] GU H N, GUO T F, DAI Y, et al. Non-hazardous treatment for Barium slag using phosphogypsum [J]. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 2019, 10(10): 3157-3161. doi: 10.1007/s12649-018-0308-8 [2] 王海峰, 陈雁冰, 龙召凤, 等. 硫酸钠对钡渣的无害化效果研究 [J]. 广州化工, 2020, 48(4): 27-29,32. WANG H F, CHEN Y B, LONG Z F, et al. Study on harmless effect of sodium sulfate on barium slag [J]. Guangzhou Chemical Industry, 2020, 48(4): 27-29,32(in Chinese).
[3] 国家危险废物名录(2021年版)[J]. 中华人民共和国国务院公报, 2021(4): 18 - 46. National list of hazardous wastes(2021)[J]. Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 2021(4): 18 - 46(in Chinese).
[4] 王湘徽, 颜湘华, 栗歆. 钡渣的污染特性与资源化利用风险研究 [J]. 环境工程技术学报, 2016, 6(2): 170-174. WANG X H, YAN X H, LI X. Research on pollution characteristics and resource utilization risk of Barium slag [J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering Technology, 2016, 6(2): 170-174(in Chinese).
[5] 刘攀, 张煜, 王艳书, 等. 盐酸浸取钡渣中钡离子工艺路线研究 [J]. 广东化工, 2014, 41(22): 12-13,28. LIU P, ZHANG Y, WANG Y S, et al. HCl leaching barium ions from barium slag process route study [J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry, 2014, 41(22): 12-13,28(in Chinese).
[6] CHEN P, MA B G, TAN H B, et al. Utilization of barium slag to improve chloride-binding ability of cement-based material [J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 283: 124612. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124612 [7] 潘悝. 水泥生产中的钡渣利用 [J]. 山东工业技术, 2018(19): 45. PAN K. Utilization of barium slag in cement production [J]. Shandong Industrial Technology, 2018(19): 45(in Chinese).
[8] 谢永福, 俞文琴, 刘苹. 用钡渣制取硫酸钡 [J]. 化工环保, 1996, 16(4): 218-221. XIE Y F, YU W Q, LIU P. Preparation of BaSO4 from Ba-containing residue [J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry, 1996, 16(4): 218-221(in Chinese).
[9] 丁建础, 姚珺. 利用钡渣处理煤矿酸性废水的实验研究 [J]. 矿业安全与环保, 2005, 32(3): 15-16,21. DING J C, YAO J. Experimental study on treatment of acid wastewater from coal mines with barium slag [J]. Mining Safety & Environmental Protection, 2005, 32(3): 15-16,21(in Chinese).
[10] 尚方毓, 苏雪桐, 尚苏滢. 氯化焙烧-水浸法回收钡渣中钡的研究 [J]. 无机盐工业, 2021, 53(3): 65-67. SHANG F Y, SU X T, SHANG S Y. Study on recovery of barium from barium slag by chlorination roasting-water leaching process [J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2021, 53(3): 65-67(in Chinese).
[11] YANG T T, WANG N, GU H N, et al. Froth flotation separation of carbon from barium slag: Recycling of carbon and minimize the slag [J]. Waste Management, 2021, 120: 108-113. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.11.022 [12] 郭斌, 任爱玲, 吴根, 等. 钡渣中钡离子的淋溶释放规律 [J]. 环境污染与防治, 2001, 23(3): 98-100,104. GUO B, REN A L, WU G, et al. Leaching law of barium ion in wastage containing barium [J]. Environmental Pollution & Control, 2001, 23(3): 98-100,104(in Chinese).
[13] 李祖荣. 钡渣淋溶试验研究及钡渣填埋场淋溶液处理工艺探讨[D]. 武汉: 武汉理工大学, 2017. LI Z R. Research on leaching experiment of Barium slag and treatment of leaching solution of barium slag landfill[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Technology, 2017(in Chinese).
[14] 国家环境保护总局科技标准司. 危险废物鉴别标准 浸出毒性鉴别: GB 5085.3-2007[S]. 北 京 : 中 国 出 版 社 , 2007. Department of science and technology standards, state environmental protection administration. Identificationstandards for hazardous wastes - Identification of leaching toxicity: GB 5085.3-2007 [S] . Beijing: China Press, 2007(in Chinese).
[15] 国家环境保护总局科技标准司. 固体废物. 浸出毒性浸出方法. 硫酸硝酸法: HJ/T 299-200[S]. 北 京 : 中 国 出 版 社 , 2007. Department of science and technology standards, state environmental protection administration. Solid waste. Extraction procedure for leaching toxicity. Sulphuric acid & nitric acid method: HJ/T 299-2007 [S] . Beijing: China Press, 2007(in Chinese).
[16] 国家环境保护总局科技标准司. 危险废物填埋污染控制标准: GB18958-2001[S]. 北 京 : 中 国 出 版 社 , 2002. Department of science and technology standards, state environmental protection administration. Standard for pollution control on the security landfill site for hazardous wastes: GB18958-2001[S] . Beijing: China Press, 2002(in Chinese).
[17] 陈英军. 含钡废渣制氯化钡的研究 [J]. 无机盐工业, 2001, 33(5): 35-36, 2. CHEN Y J. Research on the preparation of barium chloride from the waste residue of barium carbonate [J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2001, 33(5): 35-36, 2(in Chinese).
[18] CAPPUYNS V. Barium (Ba) leaching from soils and certified reference materials [J]. Applied Geochemistry, 2018, 88: 68-84. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.05.002 [19] 王淑贞. 钡渣的焚烧处理试验取得初步进展 [J]. 辽宁化工, 1981, 10(3): 55, 66. WANG S Z. Preliminary progress in the incineration treatment test of barium slag [J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 1981, 10(3): 55, 66(in Chinese).
[20] 荆小兵. 钡盐生产废渣处理技术研究 [J]. 盐业与化工, 2013, 42(12): 28-29. JING X B. Research on treatment technology of barium salt production waste [J]. Journal of Salt and Chemical Industry, 2013, 42(12): 28-29(in Chinese).
[21] VAIDYA R, KODAM K, GHOLE V, et al. Validation of an in situ solidification/stabilization technique for hazardous barium and cyanide waste for safe disposal into a secured landfill [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2010, 91(9): 1821-1830. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.04.002 [22] 袁志宇, 李祖荣, 夏静. 钡渣入场填埋前的预处理工艺条件研究 [J]. 武汉理工大学学报, 2016, 38(9): 67-71. YUAN Z Y, LI Z R, XIA J. Research on pretreatment condition of barium residue before admission [J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2016, 38(9): 67-71(in Chinese).
[23] 李健秀, 邢永恒, 景丽洁, 等. 以废钡渣为原料制取氯化钡的研究 [J]. 吉林化工学院学报, 1996, 13(2): 14-18. LI J X, XING Y H, JING L J, et al. On the preparation of barium chioride from barium waste [J]. Journal of Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, 1996, 13(2): 14-18(in Chinese).
[24] 唐英, 荣酬, 张晓刚, 等. 毒重石尾矿钡渣制取高纯氯化钡的研究 [J]. 无机盐工业, 2013, 45(12): 34-37. TANG Y, RONG C, ZHANG X G, et al. Research on preparation of high pure barium chloride from barium dregs of witherite tailings [J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2013, 45(12): 34-37(in Chinese).
[25] 姚珺, 赵野. 钡渣石灰协同作用处理含磷废水的研究 [J]. 环境科学与技术, 2010, 33(1): 163-165, 173. YAO J, ZHAO Y. Phosphorus removal from wastewater by synergistic effect of barium residue and lime [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 33(1): 163-165, 173(in Chinese).
[26] 潘成昭, 吴雪柳. 钡渣在水泥混凝土面层中的应用研究 [J]. 山西建筑, 2017, 43(20): 140-142. PAN C Z, WU X L. The application research on barium slag in cement concrete surface [J]. Shanxi Architecture, 2017, 43(20): 140-142(in Chinese).
[27] 刘攀. 钡渣理化性质分析表征及其资源化利用[D]. 贵阳: 贵州大学, 2015. LIU P. Barium residue physicochemical characterization and utilization feasibility studies[D]. Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2015(in Chinese).
[28] MAHEDI M, CETIN B, DAYIOGLU A Y. Effect of cement incorporation on the leaching characteristics of elements from fly ash and slag treated soils [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 253: 109720. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109720 [29] 杨立春, 陈豪立, 敖世恩. 钡渣制取非承重砖试验 [J]. 环保科技, 2008, 14(3): 13-16. YANG L C, CHEN H L, AO S E. Experiment of making non-load-bearing bricks from barium slag [J]. Environmental Protection and Technology, 2008, 14(3): 13-16(in Chinese).
[30] 明江波. 硫酸钡废渣综合利用新工艺的研究 [J]. 盐科学与化工, 2017, 46(3): 33-35. MING J B. Research on barium sulfate residue recycling and utilization technology [J]. Journal of Salt Science and Chemical Industry, 2017, 46(3): 33-35(in Chinese).
[31] 王坤奇. 工业硫酸钡中杂质钡钙钠磷硫和铅及钡渣中钡的分析研究[D]. 南宁: 广西大学, 2016. WANG K Q. Study of impurity elements: sodium, calcium, barium, phosphorus, sulfur and lead inindustrial barium sulfate and barium in barium dregs[D]. Nanning: Guangxi University, 2016(in Chinese).
[32] 汤金花, 王祖武, 吴浪, 等. 钡渣用于三相流化床烟气脱硫 [J]. 化工环保, 2005, 25(1): 44-47. TANG J H, WANG Z W, WU L, et al. Study on the desulphurization of flue gas in three - phrase fluidized bed reactor using barium residue [J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry, 2005, 25(1): 44-47(in Chinese).
[33] 刘一思. 钡渣的性能测试及应用研究[D]. 贵阳: 贵州大学, 2020. LIU Y S. Performance test and application of barium residue[D]. Guiyang: Guizhou University, 2020(in Chinese).
[34] 刘建国. “减量化”“资源化”“无害化”科学内涵与相互关系解析 [J]. 环境与可持续发展, 2020, 45(5): 23-26. LIU J G. Analysis to the scientific connotation and relationship of “Minimization”, “Valorization” and “Environmentally Sound Management” of solid waste [J]. Environment and Sustainable Development, 2020, 45(5): 23-26(in Chinese).
[35] 郭连奎. 钡渣的综合利用 [J]. 化工环保, 1994, 14(1): 53-55. GUO L K. Comprehensive utilization of barium slag [J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry, 1994, 14(1): 53-55(in Chinese).
[36] 李绍华, 丁贞玉, 杨博文, 等. 一种钡渣稳定化处理方法: CN111544822A[P]. 2020-08-18. LI S H, DING Z Y, YANG B W, et al. Barium slag stabilizing treatment method: CN111544822A[P]. 2020-08-18(in Chinese).
[37] 袁伟光. 一种钡渣的无毒化, 资源化的处理工艺 : CN110153156B[P]. 2021-09-28. YUAN W G. Toxicity-free and resource-free treatment process of barium slag: CN110153156B[P]. 2021-09-28(in Chinese).
[38] GUO T F, GU H N, MA S C, et al. Increasing phosphate sorption on Barium slag by adding phosphogypsum for non-hazardous treatment [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020, 270: 110823. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110823 [39] 郭腾飞, 顾汉念, 代杨, 等. 中国会议: 重晶石生产过程中所排钡渣的无害化处理[C]. 中国矿物岩石地球化学学会第17届学术年会论文摘要集, 2019: 799 GUO T F, GU H N, DAI Y, et al. China conference: Harmless treatment of barium slag in barite production [C] . Abstract of the 17th Annual Academic Conference of Chinese Society of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry Episode, 2019: 799(in Chinese).
[40] 张煜, 陈前林, 贺维龙, 等. 一种电解锰渣-钡渣水泥的制备方法: CN112358210A[P]. 2021-02-12. ZHANG Y, CHEN Q L, HE W L, et al. Preparation method of electrolytic manganese slag-barium slag cement: CN112358210A[P]. 2021-02-12(in Chinese).
[41] 车轶夫, 李绍华, 罗远恒, 等. 一种钡渣和砷渣的无害化处理方法: CN111618065A[P]. 2020-09-04. CHE Y F, LI S H, LUO Y H, et al. Harmless treatment method for barium residues and arsenic residues: CN111618065A[P]. 2020-09-04(in Chinese).
[42] 顾汉念, 李宛研, 郭腾飞, 等. 一种利用赤泥无害化处理钡渣的方法: CN110681669B[P]. 2022-02-25. GU H N, LI W Y, GUO T F, et al. Method of harmless treatment of barium slag by red mud: CN110681669B[P]. 2022-02-25(in Chinese).
[43] 郭汉光, 丁志文, 曾开文, 等. 一种钡渣无害化处理方法: CN110000187B[P]. 2022-03-08. GUO H G, DING Z W, ZENG K W, et al. Harmless treatment method for barium slag: CN110000187B[P]. 2022-03-08(in Chinese).
[44] 周俊芳. 碳酸钡生产中的“三废”治理方法初探[J]. 贵州化工, 2000, 25(S1): 30-34, 36. ZHOU J F. Recovery of three wastes in the production of barium carbonate[J]. Guizhou Chemical Industry, 2000, 25(Sup 1): 30-34, 36(in Chinese).
[45] 雷永林, 霍冀川, 刘树信, 等. 低品位钡矿盐酸浸出过程的实验研究 [J]. 化工矿物与加工, 2005, 34(2): 6-9. LEI Y L, HUO J C, LIU S X, et al. Study on leaching processes of low-grade Barium ore with hydrochloric acid [J]. Industrial Minerals and Processing, 2005, 34(2): 6-9(in Chinese).
[46] 温占玺. 利用含钡废渣制取氯化钡和硫酸钡 [J]. 化工之友, 2001, 20(4): 38-39. WEN Z X. Preparation of barium chloride and barium sulfate from barium-containing waste residue [J]. Friend of Chemical Industry, 2001, 20(4): 38-39(in Chinese).
[47] 毛健全, 顾尚义. 某钡盐厂钡渣成分研究及渣场污染的综合治理 [J]. 贵州工业大学学报(自然科学版), 2000, 29(6): 95-103. MAO J Q, GU S Y. A study on the composition of Barium carbonate residue and synthetical control over the residue pond pollution of a barium salt factory [J]. Journal of Guizhou University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2000, 29(6): 95-103(in Chinese).
[48] 蒋蓉. 钡渣的胶凝性与活化性的研究与利用 [J]. 粉煤灰, 2007, 19(2): 24-26. JIANG R. Study of Barium slag gelling and activating property and application [J]. Coal Ash China, 2007, 19(2): 24-26(in Chinese).
[49] 中华人民共和国卫生部. 生活饮用水卫生标准: GB 5749-2006[S]. 北 京 : 中 国 出 版 社 , 2007. Ministry of health of the people's Republic of China. Standards for drinking water quality: GB 5749-2006[S] . Beijing: China Press, 2007(in Chinese).
[50] 屈雅, 岳云龙. 用钡渣作矿化剂烧制硅酸盐水泥的研究 [J]. 粉煤灰综合利用, 2002, 15(1): 32-34. QU Y, YUE Y L. Study on firing Portland cement with barium slag as mineralizer [J]. Fly Ash Comprehensive Utilization, 2002, 15(1): 32-34(in Chinese).
[51] 陈明生, 罗永祥. 利用钡渣与炉渣、石灰脚料混掺生产复合硅酸盐水泥的试验 [J]. 水泥, 2001(8): 6-8. CHEN M S, LUO Y X. Experiments on the production of composite Portland cement by mixing barium slag with slag and lime waste [J]. Cement, 2001(8): 6-8(in Chinese).
[52] HUANG X, XIN C, LI J S, et al. Using hazardous barium slag as a novel admixture for alkali activated slag cement [J]. Cement and Concrete Composites, 2022, 125: 104332. doi: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2021.104332 [53] 谭洪波, 李信, 马保国, 等. 磨细钡渣对普通硅酸盐水泥水化历程的影响 [J]. 济南大学学报(自然科学版), 2016, 30(3): 161-166. TAN H B, LI X, MA B G, et al. Effect of tiny barium slag on hydration process of Portland cement [J]. Journal of University of Jinan (Science and Technology), 2016, 30(3): 161-166(in Chinese).
[54] 吴谨, 梅迎军, 周启伟. 掺钡渣的SMA-10超薄罩面路用性能分析 [J]. 中外公路, 2019, 39(2): 279-283. WU J, MEI Y J, ZHOU Q W. Analysis of pavement performance of SMA-10 ultra-thin overlay mixed with barium slags [J]. Journal of China & Foreign Highway, 2019, 39(2): 279-283(in Chinese).
[55] 刘立柱, 贾韶辉, 王勇, 等. 钡渣在建材产品中的应用及其重金属固化效果研究 [J]. 砖瓦, 2017(5): 25-27. LIU L Z, JIA S H, WANG Y, et al. Study on application of barium residue in building materials and effect of heavy metal curing [J]. Block-Brick-Tile, 2017(5): 25-27(in Chinese).
[56] 张孟雄. 钡渣砖的生产及效益分析 [J]. 建材工业信息, 1998(4): 12-13. ZHANG M X. Production and benefit analysis of barium slag bricks [J]. Building Materials Industry Information, 1998(4): 12-13(in Chinese).
[57] 陈彦翠, 甘四洋, 万军, 等. 一种钡渣烧结砖及其制备方法: CN104446358A[P]. 2015-03-25. CHEN Y C, GAN S Y, WAN J, et al. Barium residue sintered brick and preparation method thereof: CN104446358A[P]. 2015-03-25(in Chinese).
[58] 高延林, 冀康平, 聂树人. 八十年代我国的锶研究进展 [J]. 青海科技, 1994, 1(1): 18-27. GAO Y L, JI K P, NIE S R. Research progress of strontium in my country in the 1980s [J]. Qinghai Science and Technology, 1994, 1(1): 18-27(in Chinese).
[59] 金建华, 李永元, 李傲. 含锶工业废渣制备硝酸锶工艺研究 [J]. 江西理工大学学报, 2021, 42(1): 59-63,102. JIN J H, LI Y Y, LI A. Study on preparation of strontium nitrate from industrial waste residue containing strontium [J]. Journal of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, 2021, 42(1): 59-63,102(in Chinese).
[60] 顾汉念, 杨婷婷, 王宁, 等. 一种从钡渣中浮选回收碳的方法: CN111135957B[P]. 2021-08-17. GU H N, YANG T T, WANG N, et al. Method for recovering carbon from barium slag through flotation: CN111135957B[P]. 2021-08-17(in Chinese).
[61] 丁建础. 用钡渣处理含铬(Ⅵ)废水 [J]. 化工环保, 2005, 25(3): 225-227. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-1878.2005.03.015 DING J C. Treatment of Cr(Ⅵ)-containing wastewater by barium dregs [J]. Environmental Protection of Chemical Industry, 2005, 25(3): 225-227(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-1878.2005.03.015
[62] XIE Y J, SUN Z Y, HAN T T, et al. Highly efficient utilization of industrial barium slag for carbon gasification in direct carbon solid oxide fuel cells [J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(74): 37029-37038. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.08.182