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重金属由于其毒性大、难降解、生物累积性并可对人类和海洋生物产生危害而广受关注[1]. 重金属不仅改变海洋生物的遗传物质,破坏海洋生物物种多样性和海洋生态平衡而且可通过食物链进入人体造成严重损害[2-3]. 与重金属对人类与海洋的危害相对的是日益严峻的海洋污染,研究表明我国东部海域均存在着不同程度的重金属污染. 如泉州湾和莱州湾重金属Hg和Cd超标,局部海域Hg和Cd污染[4-6]. 渤海湾存在着Cd中度污染风险,近海工业活动和陆源污染排放是污染的主要来源[7]. 胶州湾重金属Pb和Cr显著富集[8],三沙湾重金属Cu轻微超标[9],兴化湾存在Cd污染[10]. 鉴于严峻的海洋重金属污染状况,掌握近海重金属污染来源及其污染空间分布规律对海洋生态环境治理修复显得尤为重要.
目前重金属污染来源研究以定性的源识别和定量的源解析为主. 定性的源识别方法主要是主成分分析法和聚类分析等多元统计方法[11]. 主成分分析是通过把重金属元素降维并选取最主要的特征值划分为各主成分,操作简便但是会掩盖各种元素隐含的信息[12-13]. 聚类分析是根据事物之间的相似性来进行分类,相似程度越高的事物将会被划分为一类,但是不能处理大量数据且存在数据与实际情况相悖的情况[14]. 随着重金属污染研究的深入,主成分分析法和聚类分析的源识别方法因存在未能明确污染来源的贡献率,大型数据处理受到限制等缺陷而不适应发展的需要. 正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)是一种可在非负约束的条件下考虑数据的不确定性,对未知污染源进行定量分析的受体模型[11, 15-17]. 基于上述优点,近年来正定矩阵因子分析模型被广泛应用到环境污染的解析[18-21].
定海-黄岐湾地处闽北经济发展圈的重要北翼,同时也是海岸两峡沟通贸易的必经之地. 区域内水产养殖业发展突出,不仅是我国重要的海带鲍鱼生产基地还是福建省水产品第一大供应地[22]. 密集的人类活动必然会对定海-黄岐湾沿海地区生态环境造成影响,复杂的海域环境更是给海洋生态环境保护带来严重的挑战. 基于上述情况,掌握定海-黄岐湾重金属污染状况并采取相应治理措施对海洋环境保护是至关重要的,然而定海-黄岐湾重金属污染研究还处于起步阶段,现有研究主要集中在定海-黄岐湾的污染生态风险评估[23],缺乏对重金属污染来源定量解析. 因而本文利用地统计方法和内梅罗指数法来厘清定海-黄岐湾重金属(V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb)的污染特征及含量空间分布规律,并结合正定矩阵因子分析法对定海-黄岐湾沉积物重金属的来源进行定量解析,从而促进海洋生态环境治理修复工作的开展.
闽东定海-黄岐湾表层沉积物重金属污染特征及来源解析
Characteristics and source analysis of heavy metal pollution in surface sediments of Huangqi Bay, Dinghai, eastern Fujian
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摘要: 定量解析沉积物重金属来源并绘制空间分布图可为海洋生态环境治理修复提供科学依据. 本文以定海-黄岐湾为研究区,分析其表层沉积物的重金属含量,通过内梅罗指数和地统计法探究其重金属空间分布规律,并基于正定矩阵因子分析模型(PMF)定量描述其重金属元素的污染来源. 研究结果表明定海-黄岐湾表层沉积物的V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb均值分别为86.55、61.50、13.50、30.42、30.60、116.58、0.11、39.94 mg·kg−1均超出福建省近岸浅海沉积物的背景值1倍以上;地统计和内梅罗指数表明V、Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb含量的空间分布和污染特征具有差异性. 其中,V为轻度污染,Cr、Co、Ni、Pb均为中度污染而Cu、Zn、Cd为重污染,但是其高值区和污染严重区域均出现在人类活动密集区,呈现受人类活动影响的共性特征;PMF分析则阐释沉积物中的V来自于区域岩石风化的自然源,Zn和Cd元素来自于生活污水的排放,Ni、Cr、Co和Cu来自于船只表面金属涂层剥落,Pb来自于船只海上交通泄露的油料. 自然源、生活排污源、工业污染源以及交通污染源对定海-黄岐湾沉积物重金属的污染贡献率分别为19.3%、28.3%、43.4%、8.9%,贡献率最高的为船只金属涂层脱落的工业污染源.
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关键词:
- 重金属 /
- 来源分析 /
- 正定矩阵因子分析模型 /
- 闽东
Abstract: Quantitative analysis of heavy metal sources in sediments and the creation of spatial distribution maps can provide a scientific basis for the treatment and restoration of the marine ecological environment. This paper examines the heavy metal content of surface sediments in Dinghai-Huangqi Bay, investigates the spatial distribution of heavy metals using the Nemero index and geostatistics, and quantitatively describes heavy metal pollution sources using a positive definite matrix factor analysis model (PMF). The results show that the average values of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in Dinghai-Huangqi Bay surface sediments are 86.55, 61.50, 13.50, 30.42, 30.60, 116.58, 0.11, 39.94 mg·kg−1, respectively, which are higher than the background values of coastal shallow sea sediments in Fujian Province. The Geostatistics and Nemero index show that the spatial distribution and pollution characteristics of V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb contents are different. Of them, V is slightly polluted, Cr, Co, Ni, Pb are moderately polluted, while Cu, Zn, Cd are heavily polluted. However, both high-value areas and heavily polluted areas appear in human activity-intensive areas, demonstrating the common characteristics affected by human activities. PMF analysis showed that V in the sediment comes from the natural source of regional rock weathering, Zn and Cd elements come from domestic sewage discharge, Ni, Cr, Co, and Cu elements come from the peeling of metal coating on the surface of the ship, and Pb elements come from the oil leaked from the marine traffic. The natural sources, domestic sewage, industrial, and traffic pollution contributed 19.3%, 28.3%, 43.4%, and 8.9%, respectively, to heavy metals in Dinghai-Huangqi Bay sediments. The ship metal coating flaking off was the industrial pollution source with the highest contribution rate. -
表 1 内梅罗指数法污染评价等级
Table 1. Pollution assessment level of Nemerow index
内梅罗综合污染指数
Néméro Composite Pollution Index污染等级
Pollution levels评价结果
Evaluation resultsP综合≤0.7 1 清洁安全 0.7<P综合≤1.0 2 尚清洁(警戒线) 1.0<P综合≤2.0 3 轻度污染 2.0<P综合≤3.0 4 中度污染 P综合>3.0 5 重污染 表 2 定海-黄岐湾样点重金属描述性特征(mg·kg−1)
Table 2. Heavy metal content at sample sites in Huangqi Bay, Dinghai (mg·kg−1)
表 3 定海-黄岐湾沉积物重金属内梅罗污染指数
Table 3. Heavy metal Nemero pollution index for sediments in Huangqi Bay, Dinghai
V Cr Co Ni Cu Zn Cd Pb 平均单项污染指数 1.11 1.49 1.82 2.25 1.42 1.41 2.13 1.14 最小单项污染指数 0.23 0.08 0.30 0.20 0.11 0.49 0.18 0.10 最大单项污染指数 1.53 2.58 2.52 3.36 9.68 4.89 13.27 3.24 综合污染指数 1.33 2.11 2.20 2.86 6.92 3.60 9.50 2.43 污染等级 轻度污染 中度污染 中度污染 中度污染 重污染 重污染 重污染 中度污染 表 4 重金属元素源贡献率(%)
Table 4. Heavy metal elemental source contribution
元素
Elements因子1
Factor 1因子2
Factor 2因子3
Factor 3因子4
Factor 4V 50.4 13.0 32.9 3.8 Cr 7.2 21.4 71.4 — Co 27.8 10.7 45.8 15.7 Ni 10.8 13.2 70.7 5.3 Cu 0.7 31.6 66.7 1.0 Zn 26.6 33.1 29.3 10.9 Cd 30.9 69.1 — — Pb — 34.6 30.6 34.8 相对贡献率 19.3 28.3 43.4 8.9 -
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