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过量的氮释放到水生系统中会导致酸化和富营养化问题,污水水中的氮素去除是水资源保护重要内容. 硝化作用(NH
${}_4^+ $ →NO${}_2^- $ /NO${}_3^-$ )是工程系统中除铵应用最广泛的一种方法,然而,硝化作用需要氧气持续输入来支撑,曝气供氧占了污水处理厂的大量能源消耗. 多年来,反硝化一直被认为是生物圈和大气的唯一联系,直至厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Anammox)的发现. 厌氧氨氧化也是自然环境中生物脱氮的一条途径[1−2],见式(1),但其仍需要一定的曝气来形成所需的NO2-,且厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)倍增时间长(约11 d)和对环境敏感制约了其工程应用[3]. 铁可以促进AnAOB新陈代谢所必需的细胞色素c和Fe-S蛋白的合成[4],且不溶性氧化铁是环境中普遍存在的电子受体[5−6],因此发展了厌氧氨氧化与Fe(Ⅲ)还原耦合的反应,即铁氨氧化(Fe(Ⅲ) reduction coupled to anaerobic ammonium oxidation, Feammox) [7−8],其在热带旱地土壤[9]、富营养化湖泊[10]、人工湿地[11]和水稻土[12]中都有存在. 铁氨氧化在废水处理过程中,反应在缺氧和自养过程进行,这可以显著减少曝气、外部碳源投加量和污泥处理相关的费用[13],是一种绿色节能的新型生物脱氮反应.目前关于铁氨氧化的综述已有报道[14−17],因其最初发现于湿地土壤等环境中[7],其大多侧重于铁氨氧化的生态意义及影响因素的总结. 本综述侧重于近年来对铁氨氧化在污水脱氮领域中应用的研究梳理,介绍了其机理、优势菌种的种类和生长特性及电子穿梭体的影响,总结了铁氨氧化在污水环境中的脱氮效果及其与厌氧氨氧化、硝酸盐依赖型亚铁氧化和生物电化学系统的耦合技术,并指出目前铁氧化的应用问题及该技术未来的研究方向和重点可能是菌分离纯化、工艺参数控制,以期为其在污水处理领域的工程规模应用提供思路.
铁氨氧化污水脱氮的应用研究进展
Research advances on the application of nitrogen removal from wastewater via Feammox
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摘要: 铁氨氧化(Feammox)是一种以廉价、易得的铁作为微生物电子供体的新型自养生物脱氮技术,即Fe(Ⅲ)还原与厌氧氨氧化的结合工艺,拥有成本低廉、无需有机碳源、污泥产量小、无温室气体产生等优势,是污水处理的一种潜在脱氮途径. 本文对铁氨氧化反应的机理、功能菌种的种类和特性及电子穿梭体对其的影响进行了介绍,总结了铁氨氧化在污水环境中的脱氮效果及其与厌氧氨氧化、硝酸盐依赖型亚铁氧化和生物电化学系统的耦合技术,并指出目前铁氨氧化的应用问题及该技术未来的研究方向和重点可能是菌分离纯化、工艺参数控制.Abstract: Feammox is a new autotrophic biological nitrogen removal technology with cheap and easily iron as microbial electron donor, that is, the coupling process of Fe(Ⅲ) reduction and anaerobic ammoxidation, which has the advantages of low cost, no need organic carbon source, low sludge yield and no greenhouse gas production, it is a potential nitrogen removal way for wastewater treatment. In this paper, the mechanism of Feammox, the species and characteristics of functional strains and the effect of electron shuttle on it are introduced. The nitrogen removal effect of Feammox in the sewage and its coupling technology with anammox, nitrate dependent ferrous oxidation and bioelectrochemical systems are summarized. It is pointed out that the current application of Feammox and the future research direction and focus of this technology may be bacteria separation and purification and process parameter control.
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Key words:
- electron shuttle /
- bioelectrochemical system /
- coupling mechanism /
- application
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表 1 铁氨氧化反应相关性较强的三种菌属的特征
Table 1. Characteristics of three genera of bacteria with strong relevance to Feammox reaction
铁氨氧化菌
Feammox bacteria特征
Characteristics文献
ReferencesGeobacteraceae 在厌氧环境中可利用碳源(如乙酸盐、氢等)或电子供体维持自身生长代谢. 首先乙酸等小分子有机酸产生乙酰辅酶A,随后三羧酸循环将其完全氧化成CO2,该过程产生的电子转移至醒池用于进行物质还原. [19, 25] Shewanella 可以利用多种有机酸及氢为碳源或是电子供体以维持自身细胞代谢,是一种兼性厌氧菌. [26] Acidimicrobiaceae sp.A6菌 为革兰氏阳性菌,是一种酸性微生物类菌株(属Acidimicrobiaceae科),其类型为ATCC, PTA -122488(A6). 细胞外形呈杆状,长(1.5±3) µm,宽0.5 µm,是唯一一种利用Fe(Ⅲ)作为电子受体将NH4+氧化为N2的细菌. [23,27] 表 2 基于铁氨氧化的实际污水脱氮研究结果
Table 2. Research results of nitrogen removal based on Feammox in real sewage
环境
Environments有效体积/L
Effective volume接种污泥Inoculation sludge 基质
Substrates温度/℃
TemperaturepH 脱氮效果
Nitrogen removal effects文献References 厌氧消化反应器 0.7 厌氧消化污泥 5 mmol NH 、10 mmol Fe(Ⅲ)-EDTA${}_4^+ $ 35 6.7—7.8 AR:80%、TNR:71.8% [8] 生物膜反应器 3 实验室纯化培养的铁氨氧化菌液 75 mg·L−1 NH 、${}_4^+ $
300 mg·L−1Fe(Ⅲ)25±3 4.5—5 AR:41.49% [41] 厌氧反应器 0.5 厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥 100 mg·L−1NH 、${}_4^+ $
20 mg·L−1 Fe(Ⅲ)32±2 6.5 AR:80%,TNR:71.8% [42] ASBR 4 活性污泥 50 mg·L−1 NH 、${}_4^+ $
30 mg·L−1Fe(Ⅲ)32±1 7.4—7.6 AR:53.8% [43] 磁性壳聚糖水凝胶珠的固定化 — — 60 mg·L−1NH 、${}_4^+ $
573.2 mg·L−1Fe(Ⅲ)25 4.5 AR:53.8% [44] 人工湿地 — — 10 mmol两系水铁矿 20—25 — AR:53.6 [11] 生物膜反应器 6 厌氧消化颗粒污泥 20 mg·L−1NH 、10 g海绵铁${}_4^+ $ 28±1 — AR:25.0%±7.3% [45] UASB 0.25 厌氧污泥 Fe2O3(粉末)、Fe3O4、Fe(OH)3(胶体)、柠檬酸铁(粉末)和黄铁矿,含铁量各2 mmol·L−1 6.8—7.2 AR:53% [46] 注:AR: ammonium removal rate氨氮去除率, TNR: Total nitrogen removal rate总氮去除率. -
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