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纳米银(nanosilver,nAg)因其具有强杀菌性而被广泛应用于玩具、衣物、洗手液等生活日用品及医疗用品中。截至2022年2月,在纳米材料数据库(The Nanodatabase)中共登记纳米材料5 224种,其中包含nAg的材料约占总数的1/7[1]。在nAg产品的生命周期中,约60%的nAg在制造、使用、废弃和循环过程中通过污水管网进入市政污水处理厂[2]。由于nAg的抑菌性能,进入污水生物处理系统中的nAg会影响微生物呼吸速率[3],导致污水处理厂净化污水的性能下降[4]。进入污水处理系统中的nAg随污泥排出时也可能带来环境风险,FOSTNER等[5]发现进水中投加10 mg·L−1 nAg,在运行30 d和90 d后的SBRs外排活性污泥进入土壤后,对土壤细菌群落组成有显著影响(P<0.05)。
作为金属纳米材料,nAg进入活性污泥污水处理系统后,必然受到污水组成和系统工艺参数如溶解氧、曝气时间、混合强度等影响,经历团聚[6]、溶解[7]、氧化[8] 、硫化[9]等过程,形态发生变化,从而影响nAg抑菌性能[10]。CHEN等[11]认为,活性污泥系统中的nAg通常与H2S、S2−发生硫化反应转化成其最终环境形态Ag2S,nAg的硫化过程可显著降低其对微生物的毒性[12]。然而,研究者认为污水中可能存在多种金属离子(Mg2+、Fe2+/Fe3+)及生物分子如蛋白质等,均可与Ag+竞争S2-[13],nAg在好氧环境中释放的Ag+远多于厌氧,抑菌能力显著高于厌氧[14]。也有研究表明,nAg在污水处理系统中可能转化为AgCl及AgO等形态[15]。nAg的化学形态显著影响其对活性污泥微生物的毒性效应。1 mg·L−1 AgCl胶体对硝化细菌硝化作用的抑制率为(46±4.0)%,与1 mg·L−1 Ag+对该菌的抑制效果相同[16]。以nAg、Ag+、可溶性银化合物、胶体银等形态存在的Ag,均具有很好的抑菌活性[17]。
研究者对nAg考察了活性污泥污水处理系统中的胁迫效应,明确了污水处理系统中nAg来源和进水浓度[18-19],确定了nAg对污水生物处理系统脱氮除磷功能的干扰[20-21],提出了nAg的生态毒性主不仅来源于nAg自身及还包括其释放的Ag+等[22-24]。但关于nAg在活性污泥污水处理系统中的分布、赋存形态等方面的研究却鲜有报道。基于此,本研究采用序批式反应器模拟活性污泥污水生物处理系统,在进水中分别添加不同浓度的nAg和Ag+,连续运行50 d,以分析污水处理系统中Ag在污泥、出水中的分布及Ag在污泥中的赋存形态,为解析、评估nAg对污水生物处理系统的胁迫效应及外排活性污泥的环境风险提供参考。
纳米银在活性污泥污水处理系统中的分布及形态转化
The distribution and morphology transformation of nanosilver in activated sludge treatment system
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摘要: 纳米银(nanosilver,nAg)因其优越的抑菌性能成为全球应用最多的纳米材料之一。随着纳米技术的广泛应用,纳米银不可避免进入污水收集和处理系统。在污水生物处理过程中,纳米银可能发生化学形态转变,从而对污水处理微生物产生不同的抑制效应。本研究采用序批式反应器(sequencing batch reactors,SBRs)模拟活性污泥污水处理系统,连续运行50 d,在进水中分别添加1 mg·L−1、10 mg·L−1 nAg和0.3 mg·L−1、3 mg·L−1 Ag+,探究了Ag在活性污泥、出水中的分布以及污泥中Ag的化学形态变化。结果表明,进水中添加的Ag(nAg或Ag+)导致活性污泥颜色、絮体结构和Zeta电位等均发生了变化,进水中Ag含量越高,这些变化越明显;进水中分别添加1 mg·L−1、10 mg·L−1 nAg和3 mg·L−1 Ag+时,运行至第20 天后,活性污泥中Ag质量浓度稳定在3.28~3.67 mg·L−1,而进水中添加0.3 mg·L−1 Ag+时,活性污泥中Ag质量浓度持续升高,运行至第50天,达(2.38±0.19) mg·L−1;进水中分别添加1 mg·L−1 nAg和0.3 mg·L−1、3 mg·L−1 Ag+的反应器在50 d运行期内,出水中Ag质量浓度分别低于60.0、5.0、9.0 μg·L−1,而添加10 mg·L−1 nAg的反应器运行20 d后,出水中Ag含量快速升高,在第50 天时达(3.96±0.16) mg·L−1,这表明进水中添加的Ag主要累积在活性污泥中,活性污泥对进水中的Ag存在吸附饱和现象,超出污泥吸附阈值后,反应器出水中总Ag含量持续升高;对运行至第50 天的各反应器中活性污泥进行了X-射线衍射分析及X射线光电子能谱分析,发现进入活性污泥系统的nAg可以银的氧化物、Ag2S和Ag0等形态存在于污泥中。评价nAg对污水处理微生物的毒性影响应结合nAg的化学形态转化,含有较高浓度Ag的活性污泥在处理处置过程也应评估不同形态Ag的环境影响。Abstract: Nanosilver (nAg) has been used broadly in nanotechnology enhanced consumer products because of its excellent antimicrobial properties. With wide application of nanotechnology, nAg will be inevitably released into sewage collection systems and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). During sewage biological treatment, the chemical form transformation of nAg will occur, which will cause different inhibitory effect on the microbial communities in WWTPs. To explore the distribution of Ag in activated sludge and effluent, and chemical form variation of Ag in sludge, the sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) were selected to simulate activated sludge treatment system for 50d running, the test experiments were conducted with addition of 1 mg·L−1 nAg (1-nAg) in influent, 10 mg·L−1 nAg (10-nAg) in influent, 0.3 mg·L−1 Ag+ (0.3-Ag+) in influent or 3 mg·L−1 Ag+ (3-Ag+) in influent, as well as the control (CK) group, respectively. The results showed that the changes in color, floc structure and Zeta potential of activated sludge occurred with the addition of nAg or Ag+ in the influent. The changes became more significant with the increase of nAg or Ag+ concentrations in the influent. The Ag concentrations in activated sludge of 1-nAg, 10- nAg and 3.0-Ag+ groups were ranged from 3.28 to 3.67 mg·L−1 after 20d SBR running. For 0.3-Ag+ group, the Ag concentration in activated sludge continued to increase and reached (2.38±0.19) mg·L−1 at the end of operation. The Ag concentrations in SBR effluent were lower than 5.0 μg·L−1, 9.0 μg·L−1 and 60.0 μg·L−1 with addition of 0.3 mg·L−1, 3 mg·L−1 Ag+ and 1 mg·L−1 nAg during 50 d operation, respectively. However, the Ag concentrations in SBR effluent with 10 mg·L−1 nAg addition increased rapidly after 20d running, and reached (3.96±0.16) mg·L−1 at the operation end. This indicates that Ag mainly accumulated in the activated sludge and the adsorption threshold for Ag occurred on it, when this threshold was exceeded, the total Ag concentration in the effluent continued to increase. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis on SBR activated sludge after 50d running indicated that nAg in activated sludge formed silver oxide, Ag2S or silver complexes. The toxic effects of nAg on microorganisms in WWTP should be evaluated in combination with the chemical transformation of nAg. The environmental impact of Ag should also be assessed in activated sludge treatment and disposal with high concentration Ag.
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Key words:
- nanosilver /
- silver ion /
- activated sludge /
- sequencing batch reactors /
- morphology transformation
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表 1 nAg 和 Ag+处理下SBRs运行至50 d时活性污泥的能谱元素含量
% Table 1. EDS spectra analysis of activated sludgea with addition of different nAg and Ag+ concentrations in influent after 50 days running
% 处理组 Na Mg Al Si P S Cl K Ca Fe Ag CK 1.18 0.45 2.92 1.95 2.80 0.29 0.27 0.39 3.20 0.74 -- 1-nAg 0.87 0.36 1.89 1.21 2.14 0.23 0.18 0.26 2.15 0.45 0.22 10-nAg 0.96 0.48 2.79 1.70 3.62 0.93 0.24 0.45 4.01 0.76 4.38 0.3-Ag+ 1.56 0.48 2.78 1.51 3.08 0.36 0.38 0.47 3.60 0.72 -- 3.0-Ag+ 1.18 0.41 2.36 1.62 2.57 0.39 0.26 0.32 3.16 0.58 0.51 表 2 nAg 和 Ag+处理下SBRs运行至第50 天时活性污泥的粒径及Zeta电位
Table 2. The floc size and Zeta potential of activated sludge in SBRs with addition of different nAg and Ag+ concentrations in influent after 50 days running
处理 污泥粒径(10%)>μm 污泥粒径(90%)>μm Zeta电位/mV CK 80.02±4.84a 12.34±0.69a −13.57±0.83a 1-nAg 105.01±21.28a 15.26±3.15a −11.90±1.15a 10-nAg 92.80±4.47a 13.98±1.19a −11.32±1.93ab 0.3-Ag+ 90.41±8.10a 13.31±0.90a −10.97±0.65ab 3.0-Ag+ 99.70±30.01a 12.06±0.84a −8.35±1.32b 注: 10%和90%表示SBRs中体积分数为10%和90%以上的活性污泥粒径;每列中不同小写字母代表差异显著(P<0.05)。 表 3 nAg 和 Ag+处理下活性污泥中6种元素原子百分比含量
Table 3. Distribution proportion of six elementsin activated sludge in SBRs with addition of different nAg and Ag+ concentrations in influent after 50 days running
处理组 原子百分比/% C1s N1s O1s P2p S2p Ag3d CK 40.98 3.81 48.84 5.82 0.56 10 mg·L−1 nAg 47.42 4.83 41.45 4.25 0.77 1.28 20 mg·L−1 nAg 45.65 5.62 41.74 4.32 0.82 1.85 3 mg·L−1 Ag+ 43.35 4.00 46.37 5.67 0.33 0.3 6 mg·L−1 Ag+ 42.01 3.71 47.28 5.86 0.65 0.49 -
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