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近年来,环境问题日益严峻,影响了人类健康和社会的可持续发展。如果说催化技术奠定了现代工业发展的基础,那么其也将是解决人类面临重大生存问题的关键技术。太阳光能量丰富,取之不尽,用之不竭,是理想的能量来源。光催化技术可以利用太阳能消除大气污染物,如氮氧化物、挥发性有机污染物、温室气体CO2等,进而改善我们的生存环境。
20世纪30年代,研究者发现在氧气及紫外光照射下,二氧化钛(TiO2)可以降解染料和纤维,并且反应前后TiO2无耗损[1]。但是由于当时人们对半导体理论理解不深以及测试分析水平不成熟,这种光催化降解有机污染物的现象被忽略,而被理解为紫外光的作用促使氧气在TiO2表面产生高活性物种。20世纪70年代,日本科学家Fujishima 和Honda 在Nature上发表“本多藤岛效应”的光催化现象,即TiO2在紫外光下能够光电催化分解水产生氢气[2],他们提出的太阳光催化分解水制氢的方法受到广泛的关注。1976年美国的Carey等发现光催化可以氧化多氯联苯[3];1983年Pruden和Ollis发现烷烃氯化物这种有机污染物可以被TiO2光催化降解成无污染的H2O和CO2[4];1989年Tanaka等提出在光催化反应中可以产生羟基自由基,这种活性物种将促进有机物污染物的氧化降解[5]。近几十年来,光催化已成为国内外最热门的研究领域之一,各国科研工作者都做出了不懈的努力。
半导体材料是多相光催化的核心,其中,催化剂的光吸收、光生电子-空穴分离、表面反应的性质在光催化反应性能方面起重要作用。锐钛矿TiO2因其较高的光催化性能、较好的稳定性以及低廉的价格等优点,成为应用最广泛的光催化材料。其较高的导带和较低的价带位置,可以增强光生电子、空穴的还原和氧化能力,深度还原和氧化反应物分子,避免二次污染和有毒中间物种生成。但是,TiO2作为直接利用太阳光的催化材料仍然存在一些不足,如:只能吸收紫外光,太阳能的利用率低;光催化反应的还原位点和氧化位点同时在TiO2半导体材料表面,极容易造成光生电子和空穴复合;对反应物吸附性能较差等。因此,寻求高性能的光催化材料已成为研究重点。
近年来,稀土元素以其丰富的能级结构,在光、电、磁等方面得到广泛应用。从电子结构看,5d轨道提供电子转移轨道,可作为光催化反应中光生电子的“转移站”;同时,在形成的氧化物中,正离子外层d和s电子的空态可以形成交叠导带,具有半导体性质。因此,稀土材料,尤其是铈基材料[6-8],在光催化领域具有潜在的应用前景。
稀土铈基纳米材料在光催化消除环境污染物中的研究进展
Research progress on ceria-based nanomaterials for photocatalytic elimination of environmental pollutants
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摘要: 当前环境污染问题已经成为影响社会可持续发展的重大问题之一,而光催化技术的迅猛发展为上述问题提供了技术支撑。稀土二氧化铈(CeO2)由于具有稳定的晶体结构、优异的氧流动性、较好的光学性质等优点,近年来在大气污染治理领域受到广泛关注。本综述总结了近年国内外研究者在稀土铈基纳米材料光催化消除环境污染物领域中所取得的主要研究进展,重点讨论了高性能铈基催化剂的设计理念,以及在光催化消除挥发性有机污染物、氮氧化物、温室气体CO2等领域中的基础应用研究,并对稀土铈基纳米材料光催化消除环境污染物的未来发展方向进行了展望。Abstract: Concerns related to air pollution and greenhouse gases emission have created great challenges for sustainable development of the society. Major attention has been given for the advance of photocatalysis to overcome these environmental crises. Recently, cerium dioxide (CeO2) received extensive attention as a promising photocatalyst, owning to its stable crystal structure, excellent oxygen mobility and good optical properties for photocatalytic elimination of environmental pollutants. This work provides a comprehensive review on recent research progress made by domestic and foreign researchers in terms of ceria-based nanomaterials. The main topics include the design of ceria-based catalysts with high-performance and their applications on the photocatalytic elimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NOx), greenhouse gas as CO2, etc. Furthermore, a perspective of future work on the development of ceria-based nanomaterials and their photocatalytic applications on pollutant removal is also presented at the end.
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图 2 Eu掺杂CeO2催化剂:(a)O 1s XPS结果,(b)与甲醛的接触角结果[46];Ce-TiO2:(c)光催化降解苯反应速率与Ce3+含量的关系,(d)光照下的反应机制[51]。
Figure 2. The results of Eu doped CeO2 catalysts: (a) XPS spectra of O 1s, (b) contact angles with formaldehyde[46]; Ce-TiO2: (c) the relationship between the degradation rates of benzene and the Ce3+ contents, and (d) reaction mechanism[51]
表 1 铈基材料在光催化消除大气污染物中的研究。
Table 1. Study of ceria-based materials photocatalytic removal of atmospheric pollutants.
催化剂
Catalyst大气污染物
Atmospheric pollutant污染物浓度及反应条件
Pollutant concentration reaction conditions净化效率
Elimination efficiency参考文献
ReferenceEu/CeO2 HCHO 500 μg·m−3,100 W
100 W卤钨灯(λ>420 nm)80% [46] Ce-GO-TiO2 HCHO 2000 μg m−3,氙灯(全光谱) 85% [47] CeO2-TiO2 乙醛 300 μg·m−3,45%湿度,
紫外/可见光70% (紫外光)
5% (可见光)[48] CeO2–TiO2/g-C3N4 甲苯 700 μg·m−3,75%湿度,
6 W日光灯6.37×10−10 mol·s−1·m−1 (紫外光)
3.52×10−10 mol·s−1·m−1 (可见光)
[49]Pt@CeO2 苯甲醇 0.1 mmol,
300 W氙灯(λ<420 nm)40% [50] Ce3+-TiO2 苯 5.5 μg·m−3,
(52%±2%)湿度,8 W汞灯70% (紫外光)
15% (可见光)[51] Mn-TiO2/CeO2 甲苯 30 μg·m−3,50%湿度
4 W紫外灯50% [52] CeO2/TiO2锐钛矿 甲苯 700 μg·m−3,90%湿度
6 W灯(λ>290 nm)1.2×10−9 mol·s−1·m−1 (紫外光)
3.5×10−10 mol·s−1·m−1 (太阳光)[53] Ce-TiO2
NO1.25 μg·m−3,50%湿度
卤素灯(λ>400 nm)27.38% [54] Au/CeO2/TiO2 0.500 μg·m−3
150 W卤钨灯/4 W汞灯80% [55] CeO2/g-C3N4 100 μg·m−3,70%湿度
500 W氙灯(λ>420 nm)55% [56] MCe-LDHs CO2 300 W氙灯,水 CO:13.5 μmol·g−1 [57] Ce-TiO2 8 W汞灯,NaOH溶液 CH4:16 μmol·g−1 [58] Fe-CeO2 300 W氙灯,水 CH4:17.5 μmol·g−1
CO:75 μmol·g−1[59] CeO2 300 W氙灯 CO:0.2 μmol·g−1 [60] CrCeO2 500 W氙灯(λ>420 nm) CH4:10.5 μmol·g−1
CO:16 μmol·g−1[29] CeO2-x 300 W氙灯,水 CO:13×10−6(V/V) [61] Pd/Ce-TiO2 氙灯,CO2/H2:1/4 CH4:225 μmol·g−1
CO:28 μmol·g−1[62] Cu2O-CeO2 300 W氙灯,水 CO:1.1 μmol·g−1 [63] -
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