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磷(P)是自然生态系统中生物生长的关键营养素,其过量存在会使水体出现富营养化,从而引发藻类过度生长、水质恶化、鱼类和植物死亡等严重的环境问题[1-3]。近年来,国家实施了严格的磷排放限值管理,并结合“五水共治”、“水十条”等相关政策法规的制定,目的是降低进入接收水体中的磷含量以减少其环境危害性[4-7]。
工业废水的排放和农业径流是水生生态系统中磷含量增加的主要原因,因而针对它们的脱磷技术和工艺研究对磷污染控制具有关键作用。目前已被广泛采纳的磷去除方法包括生物法、化学法和物理法等。其中生物除磷方法[8-10],即常规的活性污泥法,成本低廉、磷去除效果好。但由于微生物的磷酸盐代谢能力会随着水中磷浓度降低而显著下降,因而对低磷水体的处理能力变弱,无法实现达标排放;化学法脱磷时[11-12],伴随着水中磷酸根的有效降解,常会有大量污泥产生,且目标排放浓度越低需要加入的药剂量就越大,二次污染严重;而以反渗透和电渗析为代表的物理方法[13-14],在实际应用中则存在着对进水水质要求高、处理费用昂贵和磷去除效率低等缺点。吸附法[15-17]与上述各类除磷方法相比,具有操作简单、去除磷效率高、吸附速度快和环境污染小等特征,因而在低磷废水处理中有重要作用。
对比常用的磷吸附剂如天然矿物、工业废渣、金属氧化物、生物质等,镧基吸附剂是化学稳定性较高的稀土金属吸附剂[18]。镧基吸附剂不但除磷效率高、磷重新释放程度小,而且还有磷亲和力强和饱和吸附量大的独特性质,因此,近年来在针对水和废水的磷去除材料研发中备受关注。典型的镧吸附剂包括镧化合物以及各种镧负载复合物等,如氢氧化镧、氧化镧纳米棒、氢氧化镧改性水凝胶、镧改性介孔二氧化硅等[19-22],其在应用中保持了良好的磷脱除能力和稳定性。然而研究人员在研究中也发现,上述这些镧基吸附剂在碱性条件下使用时,磷去除率与酸性和近中性下的结果相比能力变差,表现出在碱性条件下脱磷效率偏低的缺陷,因而限制了其在中性和碱性水体处理领域中的广泛应用[23-24]。
基于上述研究结果,本研究以碳酸镧作为吸附剂主体,采用在合成反应中加入晶型导向剂和控制反应温度的方法,获得了具有脱磷溶液pH适用范围宽、对水中磷组分平衡吸附量大、能被再生和重复进行脱磷的无定型纳米碳酸镧吸附剂,并初步探讨了该吸附剂在脱磷过程中的热力学和动力学特征。
纳米碳酸镧的合成及其对污染水体中磷的去除
Preparation of nano-scale lanthanum carbonate adsorbent and its phosphate removal from water
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摘要: 水体中微量磷元素的存在会引发水体富营养化等环境问题,为此,通过合成无定型的碳酸镧(LC)纳米吸附剂,从而实现磷在中性或碱性溶液中的高效去除。分别使用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜、热重和Zeta(ζ)电位等分析手段对吸附剂材料的结构和形貌进行了分析和表征。结果表明,在溶液中加入晶型导向剂(Mg2+)和控制合成温度能影响产物纳米碳酸镧的微观结构和脱磷性能。当LaCl3浓度为0.04 mol·L−1、Mg2+和La3+摩尔比为1∶1时,85 ℃下制得的纳米碳酸镧LC(85)具有独特的无定形球状结构,因而能在3.0~11.0的宽pH范围内均表现出良好的脱磷性能。对所制备LC(85)等的热力学和动力学研究结果表明,吸附过程是Langmuir吸附并符合拟二级动力学模型,表明LC(85)等对水中磷的吸附是通过单分子层方式,利用化学吸附或化学键合来实现的,其最大饱和吸附量可达112.8 mg·g−1。吸附饱和后的LC(85)经碱再生后可继续保持高脱磷能力,4次循环操作后磷去除能力仍可达96.8%。以上研究结果对污染水体中低浓度磷元素的去除及工程应用具有参考价值。Abstract: The presence of trace phosphate in water may cause major environmental problems such as eutrophication of water bodies. In this study, a type of nano-scale adsorbent of amorphous lanthanum carbonate (LC) was prepared to efficiently remove phosphate (P) from water and wastewater under neutral or alkaline conditions. The microstructure and morphology of LC were analyzed and characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, TGA and Zeta potential. The results showed that addition of magnesium ions as a type of crystal orientation agent and adjustment of the reaction temperature could had effects on the morphology, microstructure and P removal efficiency of LC. When the LaCl3 concentration was 0.04 mol·L−1, the molar ratio of Mg2+ and La3+ was 1∶1, nano-scale LC adsorbent prepared at 85 ℃ (LC(85)) had a unique amorphous spherical structure. Batch adsorption experiments revealed that LC(85) had a strong performance on phosphate removal over a wide pH range (3.0 to 11.0). The equilibrium data were well fitted by the Langmuir model, and kinetic data followed a pseudo-second-order model, which suggests that a monolayer phosphate adsorption onto LC(85) occurred with chemisorption or chemical bonding between adsorbent active sites and phosphate anions, and the maximum adsorption capacity could reach 112.8 mg·g−1. It was also found that the regenerated LC(85) could maintain a high dephosphorization capacity. After 4 operating cycles, the phosphate removal capacity could still reach 96.8%. All these results suggested that LC can be used as a promising adsorbent for removing low-concentration of phosphate from water and wastewater.
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表 1 拟一级和拟二级动力学参数
Table 1. Adsorption kinetic parameters of pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order equations
吸附剂 qe, exp/
(mg·g−1)准一级动力学方程 准二级动力学方程 k1/
h−1qe/
(mg·g−1)R2 k2/
(g·(mg·h)−1)qe/
(mg·g−1)R2 LC(25) 100.2 0.917 2 43.64 0.985 2 0.078 8 100.7 0.999 9 LC(85) 100.5 0.470 8 6.60 0.364 1 0.345 6 100.1 0.999 9 表 2 LC(25)和LC(85)吸附磷酸根的等温方程参数
Table 2. Isotherm parameters of phosphate adsorption by LC(25) and LC(85)
吸附剂 Langmuir模型 Freundlich模型 qm/(mg·g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) R2 1/n KF/(mg·g−1) R2 LC(25) 108.5 6.73 0.999 8 79.11 103.07 0.840 4 LC(85) 112.8 195.53 0.999 8 60.94 107.22 0.967 9 -
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