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含氰化合物因其来源广泛、品种多、络合能力强,是一种在化工、焦化、冶金和电镀行业中应用广泛的重要工业原料。但氰化物对于人体和生物有剧毒,能引起对人体内必需金属酶的抑制[1-2]。工业生产过程中,氰化物会通过生产废水排放进入自然界中。我国每年的含氰废水产生量巨大,仅以黄金冶炼行业为例,含氰废水年排放量就高达1.2×108 t[3]。随着人们对以氰化物为附加值的产品需求不断增加,产生的含氰废水成分愈加复杂。与此同时,为了更好的保障人们的健康安全,国家对各种氰化物的排放标准也在不断提高,对产生含氰废水的企业也提出了更高的环保要求,也对含氰废水的处理提出了更高的挑战[4]。
对于化工、电镀、制药等行业来说,其生产过程中产生的含氰废水一般具有较高浓度(TCN≥1 000 mg·L−1),并且含有大量有机腈,降解难度更大。采用次钠氯碱法等传统工艺需要额外加入大量药剂,极大地增加了处理的运行成本[5];且由于氰化物浓度高会导致扩散缓慢,处理效率也受到了抑制。基于上述原因,针对高浓度含氰废水,需要开发更高效的处理技术并对现有技术进行优化。
目前工业上应用较多的处理方法有氯氧化法[6]、H2O2氧化法[7]、因科法[8]、电化学法[9]等。这些方法在具有一定优势的同时也具有一些共性缺点,如运行成本高(H2O2氧化法中H2O2原料价格偏高)[10]、易造成二次污染(氯氧化法处理废水后可能存在余氯)[11]、具有安全隐患(因科法需要转运SO2)[12]等。此外,对于高浓度含氰废水,其处理效率受到明显抑制[13],主要原因在于在以试剂为氧化剂的工艺中,过高的氰化物浓度会限制在各相之间的反应速率并影响催化剂的活性[14-15]。
电化学法尽管存在建设成本高昂等问题,但其以电子为反应试剂,无需加药,无二次污染产生,故具有较好的应用前景。在此情况下,对于电化学反应器的设计就显得更为重要,通过巧妙的电化学反应器设计以实现安全、高效、经济的最终目的,并限制电极的电催化活性和稳定性变化产生的影响[16]。有研究[17]表明,高效的电化学反应器应具备空时收率高、电极比表面积大和传质效率高等特点。因此,电化学反应器的设计主要从提高传质效率和增大电化学活性面积2个方面来解决。传统的电化学反应器通常采用平行板式电极,即水流方向与电极板放置方向平行,这种模式下的传质非常有限。基于上述情况,很多研究利用多孔电极可穿透的特点,使水流方向垂直于电极,并迫使污染物与电极发生接触,并发现传质效率提升了2~6倍[18]。也有很多研究者通过加入三维电极的方法增加电极的有效面积[19],但这无疑也会进一步增加反应器的成本。管式电极可以比板式电极提供更大的活性面积,同时水流在管内的湍流程度更强,进而提高了传质,而搭配微孔管式电极则可以实现污染物与电极的强迫接触,进而进一步提升传质效率。
基于以上研究背景,针对西部某医药农药中间体化工企业所产生的高浓度含氰废水面临的处理问题,开发了管式电化学反应器工艺对高浓度含氰废水进行预处理的中试应用研究,使预处理过后的废水中氰化物得到有效控制,同时选择市场上广泛使用的次钠氯碱法和二氧化氯氧化法在处理效果和经济性上作对比,并对管式电化学反应器在处理高浓度含氰废水过程的运行参数进行优化。
管式电化学反应器中试处理高浓度含氰废水与经济分析
Pilot-scale treatment of high-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater by a tubular electrochemical reactor and economic analysis
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摘要: 基于对高浓度含氰废水处理的重大需求和现有破氰技术的共性缺点,采用管式电化学反应器工艺对西部某化工厂生产过程的高浓度含氰废水进行预处理的中试研究,并与次钠氯碱法和ClO2氧化法进行了对比。以Ti/RuO2为阳极的管式电化学反应器相比于其他工艺有最佳的处理效果,在20 mA·cm−2处理4 h后,对废水中TCN、COD和间苯二腈的去除率分别可以达到81.74%、57.71%和81.33%,长期运行效果也处于最佳。此外,尽管管式电化学反应器的建设成本较高,单位能耗高,但由于该工艺无需加药,其运行成本低廉,仅为次钠氯碱法的13.10%,故总体运行成本较低。同时,还对管式电化学反应器的运行过程进行了参数优化及机理探究。在综合考虑建设、运行和折旧,管式电化学反应器具有良好的应用前景。Abstract: Based on the great demand for the treatment of high-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater and the shortage of current cyanide removal technologies, a pilot study was carried out on the pretreatment of high-concentration cyanide-containing wastewater in a chemical plant in western China by utilizing a tubular electrochemical reactor process, and it was compared with the chloro-alkali process and the ClO2 oxidation process. The tubular electrochemical reactor with Ti/RuO2 as anode had the best treatment effect compared with other processes, after 4 h treatment with 20 mA·cm−2, the removal rates of TCN, COD and m-phenyldionitrile could reach 81.74%, 57.71% and 81.33%, respectively, and the long-term operation effect was also superior. In addition, the construction cost of the tubular electrochemical reactor was expensive and the unit energy consumption was high, but its operation cost was very low and only 13.10% of that of the chloro-alkali process without chemicals addition. At the same time, the operation parameters of the tubular electrochemical reactor were optimized and its preliminary mechanism was investigated. In comprehensive consideration of construction, operation and depreciation, tubular electrochemical reactor has an excellent economy, reflecting a good market prospect and a broad application field.
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Key words:
- cyanide removal /
- electrochemistry /
- tubular reactor /
- pilot scale
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表 1 各工艺吨水处理成本组成
Table 1. Operation cost composition of each process
元·t−1 处理工艺 能耗成本 药剂成本 保温成本 合计 次钠氯碱法 2.15 812.60 30.00 844.75 ClO2氧化 3.07 248.80 — 251.87 ETR-Pb 107.28 9.00 — 116.28 ETR-Ru 101.70 9.00 — 110.70 表 2 各工艺吨水建设成本组成
Table 2. Construction cost composition of each process
元·t−1 处理工艺 标准设备 非标准设备 人工费 合计 次钠氯碱法 22 255 1 320 300 23 875 ClO2氧化 5 357 25 300 600 31 257 ETR-Pb 1 500 151 300 1 100 153 900 ETR-Ru 1 500 91 700 1 700 94 900 -
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