-
水中硬度超标将对日常生活、工业生产造成一定影响,如洗涤剂去污能力降低、锅炉结垢、受热不均,严重时甚至引发爆炸;高硬水还直接威胁人类健康,如导致胃肠功能紊乱,增加患肾结石的风险[1-2]。目前,水的软化方法主要有化学沉淀、离子交换、膜分离和吸附等[3-6]。其中,基于结晶反应的化学沉淀法,其具有操作简单、去除率高、易与净水工艺相结合的特点,特别是软化剂石灰来源广、价格低,已有上百年应用历史,至今仍是最常用的软化技术[7]。
过饱和度S是结晶反应的推动力。高硬水由于Ca2+和/或Mg2+浓度高,相应软化所需
$ {\rm{CO}}_3^{2 - }$ 和/或OH−投加量大,导致结晶体系过饱和度S较高。此时若结晶体系为均相结晶体系,则成核速率快,结晶产物数量密度大、颗粒细碎,部分结晶产物沉降性能差,难以实现固液分离,即所谓微晶[8]。微晶的出现不但降低软化效果,而且增加体系出水浊度,需投加大量混凝剂进行混凝促沉才能被去除,由此会产生大量难以脱水的沉淀污泥。以流化床结晶为代表的诱导结晶软化技术,通过外投晶种,将均相结晶调控为以晶种表面结晶为主的非均相结晶,结晶产物粒径可控,加上流化床自身优良的固液分离性能,可有效降低出水微晶含量,应用于高硬水软化优势明显[9-11]。但诱导结晶过程将伴随发生均相结晶,微晶的产生仍不可避免,原水硬度较高时尤为明显,导致软化效果有限[12]。笔者所在的课题组前期开展了CaCO3诱导结晶体系中均相与非均相结晶竞争行为研究,发现体系均相结晶比例随过饱和度的增加而增加,相应微晶产率也会提升[13]。因此,控制诱导结晶体系微晶产率,成为提升高硬水软化效果的关键。
提高反应器内诱导结晶活性位点体积密度可强化体系诱导结晶,达到抑制均相结晶、降低微晶产率效果[1, 14-15]。减小晶种粒径和增加晶种投量均可有效提升诱导结晶活性位点体积密度,但研究者在诱导结晶软化中采用的晶种粒径和投加量差异往往很大。NASON等[16]采用11 μm方解石为晶种,投加量为8~70 mg·L−1;MERCER等[17]采用0.43~3.98 μm方解石为晶种,投加量为100~500 mg·L−1;CHEN等[18]采用200~400 μm石英砂为晶种,投加量为375 g·L−1;顾艳梅等[19]采用200~500 μm砂石为晶种,投加量为225 g·L−1;胡瑞柱等[20]采用100~250 μm石榴石为晶种,投加量为200 g·L−1。上述研究均采用流化床为反应器,但晶种粒径相差上千倍,投加量相差甚至上万倍,这可能对微晶产率和软化效果造成影响。因此,有必要对诱导结晶中微晶的形成与控制进行深入研究,从而为晶种的选择提供理论依据。
考虑到流化床投放晶种粒径过小时容易流失[21-22],为最大程度减小晶种粒径并避免流失,本文选择常用晶种材料中密度最大的Fe3O4为晶种。通过改变Fe3O4投加量,研究高硬水诱导结晶软化中微晶的形成与控制,主要考察了晶种投加量对微晶产率和软化效果的影响,探讨了微晶与结晶体系上清液浊度的关系,分析了聚合氯化铝(PAC)对结晶体系出水的除浊效果。此外,还对诱导结晶体系出水pH的变化进行了研究,对结晶产物的晶型进行了分析。本研究成果可为提升高硬度结晶软化效果和降低沉淀污泥的产量提供参考。
高硬水软化中Fe3O4诱导结晶对微晶形成的控制
Control of the microcrystal formation during high-hardness water softening with Fe3O4 induced-crystallization
-
摘要: 为降低高硬水软化过程中微晶产率和改善结晶产物的分离性能,采用Fe3O4作为诱导结晶体系晶种,通过改变晶种投加量,考察了诱导结晶对结晶体系微晶的控制效果,并探讨了微晶产率与结晶体系上清液浊度的关系,以及诱导结晶体系出水混凝除浊效果。结果表明:诱导结晶和均相结晶产物晶型均为方解石,诱导结晶体系中晶种的引入可起到抑制均相结晶、降低微晶产率的效果,但均相结晶仍不可避免,提高Fe3O4投加量有助于微晶产率的降低;结晶体系中上清液浊度与微晶产率呈线性正相关关系,当Fe3O4投加量由0 g·L−1提高到10 g·L−1时,微晶产率由32.3%降至9.0%,钙去除率由35.6%提高至51.7%,相应上清液浊度由215.9 NTU降至22.7 NTU。Fe3O4投加量为10 g·L−1的诱导结晶体系,经磁分离和7 mg·L−1的PAC混凝后,浊度可降至2.2 NTU。延长诱导结晶时间至50 min以上,pH可降至8.5以下。以上研究结果可为提升高硬度结晶软化效果和降低沉淀污泥的产量提供参考。Abstract: In order to reduce the formation ratio of microcrystal and improve the separation performance of crystallization products during the high-hardness water softening process, Fe3O4 was used as the seed of induced-crystallization system. Through changing the dosage of Fe3O4, the control effect of induced-crystallization on microcrystal was examined, the correlation between the formation rate of microcrystal and the turbidity of supernatant was investigated and the turbidity removal efficiency of PAC coagulation on effluent was also analyzed. The results showed that calcite was the only crystalline polymorph of both induced- and homogeneous crystallization. The introduction of seed during the induced-crystallization process caused both the suppression of homogeneous crystallization and the decline of microcrystal formation rate, but the homogeneous crystallization was still unavoidable. The increase of Fe3O4 dosage could decrease the microcrystal formation rate, which was linearly and positively correlated to the turbidity of supernatant. When Fe3O4 dosage increased from 0 g·L−1 to 10 g·L−1, the microcrystal formation ratio decreased from 32.3% to 9.0% and the removal efficiency of Ca increased from 35.6% to 51.7%, corresponding to a decrease of the turbidity of supernatant from 215.9 NTU to 22.7 NTU. For the induced-crystallization system at Fe3O4 dosage of 10 g·L−1, the supernatant turbidity decreased to 2.2 NTU after magnetic separation and coagulation with 7 mg·L−1 PAC. It was proved that the pH of supernatant could drop to 8.5 once the induced-crystallization process was extended to over 50 min. This result can provide reference for improving the softening effect of high-hardness water and reducing the sedimentation sludge.
-
Key words:
- high-hardness water softening /
- Fe3O4 /
- induced-crystallization /
- fines /
- control
-
-
[1] MAHASTI N N N, SHIH Y J, VU X T, et al. Removal of calcium hardness from solution by fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization (FBHC) process[J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2017, 78: 378-385. doi: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.06.040 [2] CHAUSSEMIER M, POURMOHTASHAM E, GELUS D, et al. State of art of natural inhibitors of calcium carbonate scaling[J]. Desalination, 2015, 356: 47-55. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2014.10.014 [3] 张程, 刘成, 胡伟. 复配药剂软化法对地下水中硬度的去除效能研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 2014, 30(7): 43-46. [4] 黄明珠, 董燕珊, 苏锡波, 等. 石灰软化法处理地下水源水硬度实验研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 2012, 38(3): 26-29. [5] COMSTOCK S E H, BOYER T H. Combined magnetic ion exchange and cation exchange for removal of DOC and hardness[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2014, 241: 366-375. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2013.10.073 [6] LABBAN O, LIU C, CHONG T H, et al. Fundamentals of low-pressure nanofiltration: Membrane characterization, modeling, and understanding the multiionic interactions in water softening[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2017, 521: 18-32. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.08.062 [7] 张华, 崔柳华, 吴百春. 国内外除硬技术现状研究[J]. 工业水处理, 2011, 31(12): 5-8. doi: 10.11894/1005-829x.2011.31(12).5 [8] GAREA A, ALDACO R, IRABIEN A. Improvement of calcium crystallization by means of the reduction of fines formation[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2009, 154: 231-235. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.04.050 [9] SCHETTERS M J A, VAN DER HOEK J P, KRAMER O J I, et al. Circular economy in drinking water treatment: Reuse of ground pellets as seeding material in the pellet softening processs[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2015, 71(4): 479-486. doi: 10.2166/wst.2014.494 [10] TANG C, HEDEGAARD M J, LOPATO L, et al. Softening of drinking water by the pellet reactor: Effects of influent water composition on calcium carbonate pellet characteristics[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 652: 538-548. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.157 [11] LU H, WANG J, WANG T, et al. Crystallization techniques in wastewater treatment: An overview of applications[J]. Chemosphere, 2017, 173: 474-484. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.070 [12] TIANGCO K A A, DE LUNA M D G, VILANDO A C, et al. Removal and recovery of calcium from aqueous solutions by fluidized-bed homogeneous crystallization[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 128: 307-315. [13] 胡明睿, 聂小保, 周梨, 等. 饮用水钙硬度去除CaCO3的均相和非均相行为[J]. 给水排水, 2019, 45(12): 37-42. [14] DA SILVA C A M, BUTZGE J J, NITZ M, et al. Monitoring and control of coating and granulation processes in fluidized beds: A review[J]. Advanced Powder Technology, 2014, 25: 195-210. doi: 10.1016/j.apt.2013.04.008 [15] AMOR M B, ZGOLLI D, TLILI M M, et al. Influence of water hardness, substrate nature and temperature on heterogeneous calcium carbonate nucleation[J]. Desalination, 2004, 166: 79-84. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2004.06.061 [16] NASON J A, LAWLER D F. Particle size distribution dynamics during precipitative softening: Declining solution composition[J]. Water Research, 2009, 43(2): 303-312. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2008.10.017 [17] MERCER K L, LIN Y P, SINGER P C. Enhancing calcium carbonate precipitation by heterogeneous nucleation during chemical softening[J]. Journal of American Water Works Association, 2005, 97(12): 116-312. doi: 10.1002/j.1551-8833.2005.tb07545.x [18] CHEN Y F, FAN R, AN D F, et al. Water softening by induced crystallization in fluidized bed[J]. Journal of Environmental Science, 2016, 50: 109-116. doi: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.08.014 [19] 顾艳梅, 许航, 孙宇辰, 等. 造粒反应器处理高硬度水试验研究[J]. 土木建筑与环境工程, 2015, 37(3): 151-116. [20] 胡瑞柱, 黄廷林, 文刚, 等. 造粒流化床反应器去除地下水中硬度试验研究[J]. 中国给水排水, 2016, 32(21): 39-44. [21] FATTAH K P, MAVINIC D S, KOCH F A, et al. Determining the feasibility of phosphorus recovery as struvite from filter press centrate in a secondary wastewater treatment plant[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, 2008, 43(7): 756-764. doi: 10.1080/10934520801960052 [22] DAI H, LU X, PENG Y, et al. An efficient approach for phosphorus recovery from wastewater using series-coupled air-agitated crystallization reactors[J]. Chemosphere, 2016, 165: 211-220. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.001 [23] YANG M G, SHI J, XU Z W, et al. Phosphorus removal and recovery from fosfomycin pharmaceutical wastewater by the induced crystallization process[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019, 231: 207-212. [24] TAI C Y. Crystal growth kinetics of two-step growth process in liquid fluidized-bed crystallizers[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 1999, 206(1/2): 109-118. [25] TAI C Y, CHANG M C, LIU C C, et al. Growth of calcite seeds in a magnetized environment[J]. Journal of Crystal Growth, 2014, 389: 5-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2013.11.006 [26] 智奥帆. 化学结晶循环造粒法去除水中硬度的试验研究[D]. 西安: 西安建筑科技大学, 2018. [27] 张浩程. 金沙江某水厂低浊水采用药剂软化法除硬度的试验研究[D]. 重庆: 重庆大学, 2015.