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自2006年全面实施农村安全供水建设以来,我国农村供水安全问题得到了极大改善。但由于管理不到位、水源污染等原因,农村饮用水水质合格率低等问题依然突出,其中水质超标的指标多为浊度等感官性状指标以及总大肠菌群和菌落总数等微生物指标[1-3]。
农村供水管理环节薄弱,可以选择简单实用且易于管理的饮用水处理工艺。炭砂双层滤池是一种深度处理工艺,可去除水源水中的微污染物,应对农村水源水污染问题;其处理效果好且工艺简单,成本低[4],能实现全自动化管理,适宜农村供水。炭砂滤池能去除绝大部分浊度和氨氮,对有机物去除效果优于普通砂滤池,其去除效果有时可达到40%~50%[5-6];对消毒副产物生成势也有一定的去除效果[7]。炭砂滤池也可以用来代替活性炭滤池,利用增加的砂垫层截留细菌[8]和无脊椎动物[9],从而提高活性炭滤池出水生物安全性。生物粗滤池结构简单、不易堵塞,被视为混凝-沉淀工艺的替代工艺[10],且与混凝沉淀相比,粗滤无须添加药剂,运行管理简单。粗滤池可作为炭砂滤池的预处理工艺,延长炭砂滤池的使用寿命,提高其出水水质。此外,农村水处理多采用介质过滤工艺,很容易改造成炭砂滤池,其在农村具有较广阔的应用前景。
本研究以粗滤池代替混凝沉淀作为炭砂滤池的前处理工艺,考察炭砂滤池对农村饮用水常见超标项——浊度以及细菌总数的去除效果,并通过模拟实验考察了其对大肠杆菌的去除效果,以期为评价炭砂滤池出水安全性提供参考。
炭砂滤池对农村饮用水中浊度及细菌的去除效果
Removal effect of turbidity and bacteria in rural drinking water by GAC-sand filter
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摘要: 粗滤-炭砂过滤是简单实用的农村水处理工艺。通过中试装置,检测了滤池对浊度、细菌总数和大肠杆菌的去除效果,研究了炭砂滤池出水安全性。结果表明:炭砂滤池能进一步降低粗滤池出水浊度,并将其控制在0.7~2.2 NTU;砂层作为保证出水浊度的屏障,其浊度去除率在炭层基础上可再增加11.1%;炭砂滤池对大肠杆菌的平均去除率随着滤速的降低而增大,且该差异主要是由炭层贡献的;当滤速为5 m·h−1时,炭砂滤池对大肠杆菌平均对数去除率为0.79;但滤池运行过程中会产生微生物泄露的现象,对细菌总数基本无去除作用。因此,为保障出水的微生物安全性,炭砂滤工艺后须增加行之有效的消毒工艺。Abstract: Roughing filtration-GAC-sand filtration is a simple and practical rural drinking water treatment process. The removal effects of turbidity, total bacteria count and Escherichia coli were tested for the pilot-scale unit, and effluent safety of -GAC-sand filter was studied. Results indicated GAC-sand filter could further reduce the effluent turbidity of roughing filter to around 0.7~2.2 NTU. As a barrier for ensuring effluent turbidity, the turbidity removal efficiency of sand layer increased by 11.1% compared with that of the GAC layer. The average removal efficiency of Escherichia coli by GAC-sand filter increased with the decrease of filtration rate, which was dominated by GAC layer. The average log removal rate of Escherichia coli was 0.79 for GAC-sand filter at filtration rate of 5 m·h−1. However, microbial leakage phenomenon occurred during GAC-sand filter running, which had almost no removal effect for total bacterial counts. Thus, effective disinfection treatment should be added and guaranteed after GAC-sand filter to ensure the microbial safety of drinking water.
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Key words:
- GAC-sand filtration /
- turbidity /
- total bacterial count /
- Escherichia coli /
- rural water supply
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表 1 原水和炭砂滤池进水水质
Table 1. Water quality of raw water and influent of GAC-sand filter
水样 浊度/
NTU氨氮/
(mg·L−1)总有机碳/
(mg·L−1)细菌总数/
(CFU·mL−1)原水 3.1~7.7 0.1~1.0 3.6~5.0 900~2 400 粗滤池出水 0.7~3.2 0.1~0.6 3.6~4.7 500~1 500 -
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