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在页岩气的开采过程中,产生了大量的油基岩屑,典型单井产生的油基岩屑可高达150~220 m3[1]。由于油基岩屑中含有多环芳烃、重金属、蒽、芘、酚类等物质[2],在长期堆放而不及时处理的情况下,会对周边的地下水、土壤以及大气产生严重污染,从而可进一步影响动植物的正常生长及人类的健康[3]。我国已将其列入《国家危险废物目录》,隶属于其中的HW08大类[4]。油基岩屑的高效、环保处理已成为制约页岩气开采的一个重要因素[3]。
在油基岩屑处理领域,目前常见的处理工艺主要包括焚烧处理工艺[5-6]、热脱附处理工艺[7-8]、热水洗处理工艺[9-10]以及萃取处理工艺[11-12]等4种工艺。相比较而言,焚烧处理工艺不能实现对油基岩屑中油分的回收利用,造成资源的浪费,且在焚烧过程中会产生NOx、SOx等二次污染物[12];热脱附工艺存在着易结焦、能耗高且经其处理后的油基岩屑无合理用途等缺陷[1];单纯的热水洗工艺仅能实现油基岩屑的资源化、减量化目标,难以达到无害化的处理要求[10];传统的萃取工艺存在着溶剂用量大、运行成本高且处理后的油基岩屑无法满足无害化目标等不足[10-11]。开发一种高效、环保且可实现资源化与无害化双重目标的油基岩屑处理技术已成为油基岩屑处理领域的一个关键难题[1]。
为解决油基岩屑的资源化、无害化处理问题,研究了以逆流萃取+臭氧氧化为核心的联合工艺的处理效果,并分别对逆流萃取、臭氧氧化环节的工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明,在最优条件下,经过处理后的油基岩屑的含油率可由原始的39.42%降低到0.18%,达到了GB 4284-2018中规定的处置要求[13],处理过程中回收的油分可重新用于配制钻井液。以逆流萃取+臭氧氧化为核心的联合工艺为油基岩屑的资源化、无害化处理提供了一种参考。
逆流萃取+臭氧氧化联合工艺处理油基岩屑的效果
Effect of countercurrent extracting+ozone oxidation combined process treating oil-based cuttings
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摘要: 为解决页岩气开采过程中产生的油基岩屑的资源化、无害化处理问题,采用逆流萃取+臭氧氧化联合的方法对其进行处理,并分别对逆流萃取、臭氧氧化环节的工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明,在最优条件下,经过处理后的油基岩屑的含油率可由原始的39.42%降低到0.18%,达到了GB 4284-2018中规定的处置要求,处理过程中回收的油分可重新用于配制钻井液。通过对油基岩屑固相的表征,发现其具备臭氧催化氧化催化剂的明显特征,是一种天然的臭氧催化氧化催化剂,并从反应动力学角度对臭氧氧化环节的反应特性进行了定量分析。结果表明,其满足一级反应动力学特征,反应活化能为6.194 kJ·mol−1。以逆流萃取+臭氧氧化为核心的联合工艺为油基岩屑的资源化、无害化处理提供了参考。Abstract: During treating oil-based cuttings produced in the process of shale gas exploitation, two key problems, such as resource utilization and harmless treatment, need to be solved. A combined method of refluence extracting + ozone oxidation was used to study its treating effect for this oil-based cuttings, and the process parameters of refluence extracting and ozone oxidation were optimized respectively. Under the optimal conditions, the oil content of the treated oil-based cuttings could be reduced from the 39.42% to 0.18%, which met the disposal requirements stipulated in GB 4284-2018, while the oil recovered in the process could be reused to prepare fresh drilling fluid. Through the characterization of solid phase of oil-based cuttings, it was found that it was a natural ozone-catalyzed oxidation catalyst, which had the obvious characteristics of ozone-catalyzed oxidation catalyst. The reaction kinetics of ozone oxidation were analyzed quantitatively, and the result showed that it satisfied the kinetic characteristics of the first order reaction, and the reaction activation energy was 6.194 kJ·mol−1. The combined method of refluence extracting + ozone oxidation provides a reference for the resourceful and harmless treatment of oil-based cuttings.
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Key words:
- refluence extracting /
- ozone oxidation /
- oil-based cuttings /
- reaction kinetics /
- activation energy
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表 1 尾矿重金属含量
Table 1. Heavy metal content in tailing
mg·kg−1 重金属类别 测定值 GB 4284-2018
B级标准值镉及其化合物(以Cd计) <10 <15 汞及其化合物(以Hg计) 0 <15 铅及其化合物(以Pb计) <160 <1 000 铬及其化合物(以Cr计) 175 <1 000 砷及其化合物(以As计) <60 <75 铜及其化合物(以Cu计) 260 <1 500 锌及其化合物(以Zn计) 335 <3 000 镍及其化合物(以Ni计) 80 <200 -
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