-
聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoate,PHA)是一类具有与传统石化塑料相似性质并可由多种微生物内源产生和降解的聚合物[1-2]。典型的三段式混合菌群生产PHA工艺可与现有废水废物处理系统耦合[3],在资源化回收碳源的同时,从根本上解决石化塑料过度使用带来的“白色污染”和“微塑料”等问题。餐厨垃圾是产量巨大且有机质含量丰富的废物资源[4],厌氧消化产甲烷是目前主流的餐厨垃圾资源回收处理工艺。然而由于餐厨垃圾中有机质含量高,厌氧发酵后的产酸液富含挥发酸,易抑制产甲烷过程,使得其厌氧消化过程极其不稳定[5]。PHA生产的适宜底物为小分子挥发酸[6-7],如结合餐厨垃圾水解酸化工艺及PHA合成工艺,不但充分利用生成的挥发酸,更为餐厨垃圾多途径资源回收提供了思路,目前已有少量研究进行了可行性探索[8-9]。然而,餐厨垃圾作为资源回收工艺底物还具盐含量高的特点[10],盐度是餐厨垃圾发酵液用于PHA生产工艺必须考虑和研究的因素。苟剑锋等[11]调查表明,天水市餐厨垃圾含盐率为1.4~6.4 g·L−1;吴爽[12]研究上海某地区餐厨垃圾发现,其干基含盐率约为20 g·L−1,湿基含盐率约为2 g·L−1,可见餐厨垃圾发酵液的含盐率受各地饮食差异和底物含水率影响,波动范围较大(为1~20 g·L−1)。目前,关于氯化钠对PHA生产过程的影响研究较少,现有的研究多集中在纯菌领域或瞬时投加的影响且研究结果不尽相同。PASSANHA等[13]发现,低浓度的氯化钠(5~9 g·L−1)可以提高而高浓度则会抑制纯菌Cupriavidusnecator的PHA合成能力;PALMEIRO-SÁNCHEZ等[14]研究了不同盐度的瞬时投加对混合菌群PHA合成的影响,发现氯化钠的存在会抑制细菌活性同时降低PHA产量。
为更好地考察氯化钠对混合PHA合成菌群富集的长期影响并为工程应用提供参考,本研究以模拟餐厨垃圾发酵液为底物,探讨不同盐浓度条件下污泥理化性能、工艺指标及PHA合成能力等方面的差异,分析盐度对混合菌PHA合成工艺的影响。本研究得出的最佳盐浓度可用于指导实际生产工艺,使工艺在合理的盐度范围内保持良好的污泥沉降性和PHA合成能力,有助于推动餐厨垃圾处理和PHA混菌生产耦合工艺的发展。
盐度对模拟餐厨垃圾发酵液产聚羟基脂肪酸酯工艺的影响
Influence of salinity on polyhydroxyalkanoate production using simulated food waste fermentation liquid
-
摘要: 利用餐厨垃圾发酵液生产聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHA)可以在废物处理的同时实现有价资源回收。为探究发酵液中盐分对产PHA菌群富集过程的影响,以模拟餐厨垃圾发酵液为底物,研究了盐度存在下污泥理化性质、富集过程主要指标及菌群PHA合成能力等变化。结果表明,未经盐度富集的菌群易受到盐度抑制,在15 g·L−1的盐度条件下,污泥PHA最大合成量可降至39.9%。富集过程中盐度的增加有利于污泥沉降性的提升,低盐度(5 g·L−1)下菌群分泌胞外聚合物量最多,达49.8 mg·g−1(以VSS计),对菌群保护能力最强。不同盐度条件下的富集系统皆能保持较好的生态选择压力,但盐度对微生物生长的抑制随着浓度的增大而增强。经过盐度存在下长期富集后的污泥,在高盐度(10、15 g·L−1)底物条件下,仍能获得较高的PHA最大合成能力,但其较低的生长活性不利于最终PHA产量的提升,短期富集下,高盐度会抑制PHA的合成;而低盐度(5 g·L−1)有助于提高PHA合成能力,最高达50.5%。Abstract: Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production using food waste fermentation liquid could recover the valuable resource during the waste treatment. To explore the influence of salinity on PHA-accumulating bacteria enrichment process, simulated food waste fermentation liquid was used as substrate to investigate the changes in physiochemical properties of sludge, main process parameters and PHA storage ability when exposed to salinity. Results showed that the bacterial flora without salinity acclimation was inhibited by salinity and the maximum PHA content of sludge could decrease to 39.9% at salinity of 15 g·L−1. In enrichment process, the increase of salinity improved the sludge settleability, and the extracellular polymeric substance content reached the highest (49.8 mg·g−1 by VSS) at low salinity of 5 g·L-1, which could provide the strongest protection for bacteria. Robust ecological selective pressure could be maintained regardless of salinity gradients, but the inhibition on the growth of bacteria was enhanced with the increase of salinity. A good PHA storage ability could obtained with the substrates at high salinities of 10, 15 g·L−1 for the enriched bacteria after long-term enrichment at high salinity concentrations, but its low growth activity was not conducive to the improvement of final PHA production. Under short-term enrichment, the PHA production could be inhibited at high salinity concentrations while stimulated at low concentration (5 g·L−1), its highest production could reach 50.5%.
-
Key words:
- sodium chloride /
- polyhydroxyalkanoate /
- food waste /
- extracellular polymeric substance
-
表 1 不同盐度处理下各阶段PHA产量
Table 1. PHA productivity over time with NaCl gradients
运行时间/d 含盐率/(g·L−1) MLSS/(mg·L−1) PHAmax/% PHA产量/(g·(L·d)−1) 12~15 0 4 120±105 47.5 1.95±0.05 12~15 5 4 090±98 50.5 2.07±0.05 12~15 10 3 876±122 44.7 1.73±0.05 12~15 15 3 200±134 42.6 1.36±0.06 42~45 0 3 956±88 48.7 1.93±0.04 42~45 5 3 977±94 44.5 1.77±0.04 42~45 10 3 206±103 49.7 1.59±0.05 42~45 15 3 092±98 49.4 1.53±0.05 -
[1] 车雪梅, 司徒卫, 余柳松, 等. 聚羟基脂肪酸酯的应用展望[J]. 生物工程学报, 2018, 34(10): 1531-1542. [2] TAN G Y, CHEN C L, LI L, et al. Start a research on biopolymer polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA): A review[J]. Polymers, 2014, 6(3): 706-754. doi: 10.3390/polym6030706 [3] ALBUQUERQUE M G E, CONCAS S, BENGTSSON S, et al. Mixed culture polyhydroxyalkanoates production from sugar molasses: The use of a 2-stage CSTR system for culture selection[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2010, 101(18): 7112-7122. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2010.04.019 [4] 张庆芳, 杨林海, 周丹丹. 餐厨垃圾废弃物处理技术概述[J]. 中国沼气, 2012, 30(1): 22-26. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-1166.2012.01.005 [5] WANG P, WANG H, QIU Y, et al. Microbial characteristics in anaerobic digestion process of food waste for methane production: A review[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 248: 29-36. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.152 [6] YUAN H, ZHU N. Progress in inhibition mechanisms and process control of intermediates and by-products in sewage sludge anaerobic digestion[J]. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, 58: 429-438. [7] DAHIYA S, KUMAR A N, CHATTERJEE J S S S, et al. Food waste biorefinery: Sustainable strategy for circular bioeconomy[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2018, 248: 2-12. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.176 [8] REDDY M V, MOHAN S V. Influence of aerobic and anoxic microenvironments on polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production from food waste and acidogenic effluents using aerobic consortia[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 103(1): 313-321. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.040 [9] AMULYA K, JUKURI S, VENKATA M S. Sustainable multistage process for enhanced productivity of bioplastics from waste remediation through aerobic dynamic feeding strategy: Process integration for up-scaling[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2015, 188: 231-239. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.070 [10] 王向会, 李广魏, 孟虹, 等. 国内外餐厨垃圾处理状况概述[J]. 环境卫生工程, 2005, 13(2): 41-43. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8206.2005.02.013 [11] 苟剑锋, 郝建青, 曾正中, 等. 天水市餐厨垃圾组分特征实验分析[J]. 环境工程, 2014, 32(9): 130-133. [12] 吴爽. 上海某地区餐厨垃圾特性分析[J]. 环境卫生工程, 2016, 24(5): 70-71. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8206.2016.05.023 [13] PASSANHA P, KEDIA G, DINSDALE R M, et al. The use of NaCl addition for the improvement of polyhydroxyalkanoate production by Cupriavidusnecator[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2014, 163: 287-294. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.068 [14] PALMEIRO-SÁNCHEZ T, FRA-VÁZQUEZ A, REY-MARTÍNEZ N, et al. Transient concentrations of NaCl affect the PHA accumulation in mixedmicrobial culture[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2016, 306: 332-339. doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.12.032 [15] 张玉静, 蒋建国, 王佳明. pH值对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产挥发性脂肪酸的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2013, 33(4): 680-684. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2013.04.015 [16] CHEN Z, HUANG L, WEN Q, et al. Effects of sludge retention time, carbon and initial biomass concentrations on selection process: From activated sludge to polyhydroxyalkanoate accumulating cultures[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2016, 52(2): 76-84. [17] CHEN Z, GUO Z, WEN Q, et al. Modeling polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production in a newly developed aerobic dynamic discharge (ADD) culture enrichment process[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 298: 36-43. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.03.133 [18] 国家环境保护总局. 水和废水监测分析方法[M]. 4版. 北京: 中国环境科学出版社, 2002. [19] WEN Q, CHEN Z, WANG C, et al. Bulking sludge for PHA production: Energy saving and comparative storage capacity with well-settled sludge[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012, 24(10): 1744-1752. doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)61005-X [20] LI X Y, YANG S F. Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge[J]. Water Research, 2007, 41(5): 1022-1030. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2006.06.037 [21] GERHARDT P, MURRAY R G E, WOOD W A, et al. Methods for General and Molecular Bacteriology[M]. Washington: American Society for Microbiology, 1994. [22] NG H Y, ONG S L, NG W J. effects of sodium chloride on the performance of a sequencing batch reactor[J]. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2005, 131(11): 1557-1564. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9372(2005)131:11(1557) [23] HE H, YANG C, ZENG G, et al. Influence of salinity on microorganisms in activated sludge processes: A review[J]. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 2016, 119: 520-527. [24] SHENG G P, YU H Q, LI X Y. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment systems: A review[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2010, 28(6): 882-894. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.08.001 [25] 崔飞剑, 李平, 朱凤霞, 等. 盐度对SBR处理垃圾渗滤液污泥胞外聚合物及污泥特性的影响[J]. 环境工程, 2017, 35(3): 23-27. doi: 10.11835/j.issn.1005-2909.2017.03.006 [26] CORTÉS-LORENZO C, RODRÍGUEZ-DÍAZ M, LÓPEZ-LOPEZ C, et al. Effect of salinity on enzymatic activities in a submerged fixed bed biofilm reactor for municipal sewage treatment[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2012, 121: 312-319. [27] WANG Z W, LIU Y, TAY J H. Distribution of EPS and cell surface hydrophobicity in aerobic granules[J]. Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology, 2005, 69(4): 469-473. [28] CHEN Y, HE H, LIU H, et al. Effect of salinity on removal performance and activated sludge characteristics in sequencing batch reactors[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2017, 249: 890-899. [29] 郝秋霞. 阳离子聚丙烯酰胺用于污泥脱水的研究[J]. 图书情报导刊, 2010, 20(23): 175-177. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-6033.2010.23.075 [30] DIONISI D, MAJONE M, VALLINI G, et al. Effect of the applied organic load rate on biodegradable polymer production by mixed microbial cultures in a sequencing batch reactor[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2006, 93(1): 76-88. doi: 10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0290 [31] HONG J, LI W, LIN B, et al. Deciphering the effect of salinity on the performance of submerged membrane bioreactor for aquaculture of bacterial community[J]. Desalination, 2013, 316: 23-30. doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2013.01.015 [32] REID E, LIU X, JUDD S. Effect of high salinity on activated sludge characteristics and membrane permeability in an immersed membrane bioreactor[J]. Journal of Membrane Science, 2006, 283: 164-171. doi: 10.1016/j.memsci.2006.06.021 [33] OBRUCA S, SEDLACEK P, KOLLER M, et al. Involvement of polyhydroxyalkanoates in stress resistance of microbial cells: Biotechnological consequences and applications[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2018, 36: 856-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.006