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由于塑料具有比其他材料(如木材、陶瓷、金属等)成本低、易加工、重量轻等显著优势[1],可广泛应用到包装、建筑、电子电器、医疗器械等行业。据国家统计局统计,2017年,我国塑料品的产量为7.5×107 t,同比2016年增长3.4%。但是,我国的塑料品消耗量更为巨大,约为产量的150%,我国已经成为废塑料产量最多的国家。而废塑料回收量仅为1.70×107 t,较2016年的1.88×107 t下降了1.8×106 t,降幅为9.6%[2]。由此可见,大部分塑料没有得到有效回收和利用。这些未回收利用的塑料废弃物在自然界中难以生物降解,对土壤和水资源造成了严重的污染[3]。因此,提高废塑料的回收利用率便成为当前需要解决的关键问题。
废塑料回收利用的方法主要包括填埋法[4]、焚烧法、热解法[5]、气化法等,但这些方法存在土地占用率高、造成水污染和大气污染等缺点。而采用废塑料制备较高价值的离子交换树脂,则是对废弃物进行资源化不错的选择。离子交换树脂主要应用于废水处理、工业催化[6]、吸附和可回收稀有金属等方面,SULKOWSKI等[7]将废旧塑料进行化学改性来获得有效的絮凝剂,降低了水的浊度和溶解杂质浓度,改善了纯净水的质量参数。SULKOWSKI等[8]将固体二氧化硅硫酸用于溶解在有机溶剂中的聚苯乙烯废物的非均相磺化,制备有效的阳离子交换剂,主要用于处理污水中的重金属离子,具有较高的金属去除率。ZHANG等[9]以废旧印刷电路板为原料,通过氯甲基化和季胺化反应制备阴离子交换树脂,主要用于吸附水溶液中重金属Cr(Ⅵ)。此外,燃煤电厂化石燃料燃烧产生的大量CO2造成了气候恶化、全球变暖等问题[10],联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)预测,截至2050年,大气中CO2的体积分数将达到0.55×10−3,因此,对CO2的捕集和资源化也越来越受到关注[11]。把废塑料的循环利用和CO2的捕集结合起来,利用废旧塑料制备离子交换树脂并应用于CO2捕集则显得十分有意义,而此类研究鲜见报道。
本研究以废旧电视机外壳(WTVS)为原料,通过磺化反应和溶胀-渗透方法来制备SM-D001,将其作为CO2吸附材料的载体;采用N2吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)、压汞法等手段对SM-D001进行表征;考察了不同正庚烷的量、乙醇/水质量比和致孔时间等条件下制备的SM-D001对CO2吸附能力的影响;并以SM-D001为载体,五乙烯六胺(PEHA)为改性剂,制备固态胺吸附剂,考察了PEHA负载量对CO2吸附能力的影响,对其进行吸附动力学研究,为进一步证明固态胺吸附剂对CO2吸附过程是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结论提供参考。
以废塑料为基材的大孔型离子交换树脂的制备、表征和吸附性能
Preparation, characterization and adsorption properties of macroporous ion exchange resin based on waste plastics
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摘要: 以废旧电视机外壳(WTVS)为原料,通过磺化反应和溶胀-渗透方法来制备大孔型离子交换树脂(SM-D001),并将其作为CO2吸附材料的载体,采用N2吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、热重分析(TGA)、扫描电镜(SEM)、压汞法等手段对大孔型离子交换树脂(SM-D001)进行表征。考察了不同正庚烷的量、不同乙醇/水质量比和不同致孔时间下制备的SM-D001对CO2吸附能力的影响。结果表明,当致孔剂正庚烷的量为25 g,乙醇/水质量比为90∶10,致孔时间为5 h时,制备的离子交换树脂对CO2的平衡吸附量达到1.87 mmol·g−1。以SM-D001为载体,五乙烯六胺(PEHA)为改性剂,采用配位法制备的固态胺吸附剂对CO2的吸附能力达到3.61 mmol·g−1,并对其进行吸附动力学研究。上述研究结果为进一步证明固态胺吸附剂对CO2吸附过程是物理吸附和化学吸附共同作用的结论提供参考。Abstract: The macroporous ion exchange resin (SM-D001) was prepared by a sulfonation reaction and a swelling-infiltration method using a waste television shell (WTVS) as a raw material, and as a carrier of a CO2 adsorption material, the SM-D001 were characterized by nitrogen adsorption-desorption, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mercury injection.The effects of SM-D001 prepared with different amounts of n-heptane, different ethanol/water mass ratios and different pore-forming times on CO2 adsorption capacity were investigated. The results showed that when the amount of pore-forming agent n-heptane was 25 g, the ethanol/water mass ratio was 90∶10, and the pore-forming time was 5 h, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of the prepared ion exchange resin for CO2 reached 1.87 mmol·g−1. The solid amine adsorbents were prepared by using coordination method with SM-D001 as carrier and with penta ethylene hexamine (PEHA) as modifier, and the maximum CO2 adsorption capacity is 3.61 mmol·g−1, and adsorption kinetics was studied to providing reference for further proving that the adsorption process of solid amine adsorbent on CO2 was a combination of physical adsorption and chemical adsorption.
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表 1 SM-D001各孔径段孔容及分布比例
Table 1. Pore volume and distribution ratio of each pore diameter segment of sodium sulfonate resin and SM-D001
样品 孔体积/(mL·g−1) 不同孔径的孔体积/(mL·g−1) 不同孔径孔体积占总体积百分比/% 微孔 介孔 大孔 微孔 介孔 大孔 磺酸钠型树脂 1.08 0 0.01 1.07 0 0.93 99.07 SM-D001 3.52 0 0.08 3.44 0 2.27 97.73 表 2 磺酸钠型树脂和SM-D001各孔径段比表面积及分布比例
Table 2. Specific surface area and distribution ratio of each pore diameter segment of sodium sulfonate resin and SM-D001
样品 比表面积/(m2·g−1) 不同孔径的比表面积/(m2·g−1) 不同孔径比表面积占总比表面积百分比/% 微孔 介孔 大孔 微孔 介孔 大孔 磺酸钠型树脂 2.00 0 0.19 1.81 0 0.10 0.90 SM-D001 30.70 0 23.97 6.73 0 78.08 21.92 表 3 不同PEHA负载量下吸附剂对CO2的吸附能力的影响
Table 3. Influence of PEHA loads on CO2 adsorption capacity by adsorbents
PEHA占固态胺吸附剂的
质量分数x穿透吸附量/
(mmol·g−1)平衡吸附量/
(mmol·g−1)0 1.14 1.87 0.1 1.43 2.15 0.2 1.55 2.83 0.3 2.12 3.61 0.4 1.55 2.66 0.5 0.89 1.66 表 4 SM-D001-Cu-xPEHA的CO2吸附动力学模型拟合参数
Table 4. Fitting parameters of CO2 adsorption kinetic model of SM-D001-Cu-xPEHA
PEHA占固态胺
吸附剂的质量分数x模型参数 qs kA nA R2 0.1 2.14 0.13 1.17 0.998 0.2 2.86 0.10 1.17 0.999 0.3 3.64 0.04 1.49 0.997 0.4 2.66 0.08 1.33 0.999 0.5 1.75 0.23 0.76 0.997 -
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