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近年来,由于抗生素在医疗和养殖领域的大量使用,促使动物体内和环境中出现了抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs)。2006年,美国学者PRUDEN等[1]将ARGs定义为一种新型环境污染物,它具有可复制、可传播和不易消亡的生物化学特性,从而可在环境中大量积累和广泛存在。目前,已发现的ARGs种类繁多,包括四环素类、磺酰胺类和β-内酰胺类[2]等,且这些ARGs已在城市污水处理厂中检出。城市污水处理厂不仅是ARGs 聚集、转移、进化与增殖的重要场所[3-4],也是再生水与自然水体的纽带。这些ARGs在环境中的转移和传播将会对人类的健康造成威胁。
城市污水处理厂中常规的厌氧/好氧处理工艺对ARGs有一定的削减作用,但效果并不显著。其中,二沉池中污泥沉降是污水厂去除ARGs的主要机制之一[5]。近年来,膜处理技术在去除ARGs的过程中发挥了重要作用,尤以超滤(ultrafiltration,UF)最为突出。MUNIR等[6]对比了MBR和传统的活性污泥、氧化沟对3种ARGs(tetW、tetO、sulI)的去除效果,发现MBR的出水中ARGs的含量比常规处理少了1~3个数量级。张启伟等[7]利用混凝沉淀-超滤组合工艺对4种ARGs(tetA、tetG、sul Ⅰ、sul Ⅱ)进行了去除,发现去除率达到0.5~3.1个数量级。另有研究[8]表明,聚醚砜超滤膜对ARGs的去除效果优于聚偏氟乙烯超滤膜,且截留分子质量越低,去除率越高。
超滤对ARGs的去除效果虽然较好,但在使用过程中也存在膜比通量下降快和膜污染严重等问题。以往的研究多集中于处理工艺的研究上,对于如何减缓膜污染则研究较少。本研究将生物粉末活性炭(biological powdered activated carbon,BPAC)与UF联用,比较了在不同BPAC投加量下,组合工艺对抗生素抗性基因(tetA、tetW、sul Ⅰ、sul Ⅱ)的去除效果,并探讨了投加BPAC对膜比通量的影响,通过构建膜污染模型,对BPAC缓解膜污染机制进行了分析。
BPAC-UF对二级出水中抗生素抗性基因的去除及膜污染缓解机制
Antibiotic resistance genes removal from secondary effluent by BPAC-UF combined process and membrane fouling control mechanisms
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摘要: 采用生物粉末活性炭(BPAC)-超滤(UF)组合工艺去除控制二级出水中抗生素抗性基因(ARGs),并对ARGs的去除和BPAC缓解膜污染机制进行了探讨。结果表明:与直接超滤工艺相比,组合工艺对水中四环素类抗性基因(tetA、tetW)、磺胺类抗性基因(sul Ⅰ、sul Ⅱ)以及溶解性有机碳(DOC)的去除效果均有较大的改善,这主要是由于BPAC对ARGs的吸附降解作用所致;水中16S rDNA、int Ⅰ 1和DOC含量与不同种类ARGs浓度具有显著相关性,强化上述指标的去除可有效促进ARGs的削减;在BPAC投加量较低时,组合工艺的膜比通量较直接UF有所提高,膜污染状况明显改善;直接UF时,膜污染状况与滤饼层过滤模型的拟合度最好,而组合工艺的膜污染状况与标准膜孔堵塞模型和滤饼层过滤模型拟合度均较好。BPAC-UF组合工艺是一种较好的去除ARGs的工艺。Abstract: The combined process of biological powder activated carbon (BPAC) and ultrafiltration (UF) was used to remove antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in secondary effluent, and the mechanisms of ARGs removal and membrane fouling control were also investigated. The results showed that in comparison with UF, BPAC-UF process could greatly improve the removal of tetracycline resistance genes (tetA, tetW), sulfonamide resistance genes (sulI, sulII), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), owing to the combined effects of adsorption and degradation effect towards ARGs. The contents of 16S rDNA, intI1 and DOC were positively correlated with the total concentrations of different ARGs, and the ARGs removal could benefit from the enhanced removal of 16S rDNA, intI1 and DOC accordingly. At low BPAC dosage, the membrane specific flux of BPAC-UF was higher than that of direct ultrafiltration, and the corresponding membrane fouling was obviously alleviated. The cake formation model was better to describe the membrane fouling performance of direct UF. Comparatively, both the internal pore blocking model and the cake formation model were better to fit the membrane behaviors of BPAC-UF process. BPAC-UF process is promising and potentially valuable for the ARGs removal from secondary effluent.
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表 1 过滤模型方程
Table 1. Filter model equation
模型 方程 完全堵塞 J0−J=AV 标准膜孔堵塞 J0/V=1/t+B 中间膜孔堵塞 lnJ0−lnJ=CV 滤饼层过滤 1/J−1/J0=DV 注:A、B、C、D为常数;J0和J为过滤通量,L·(m2·s)-1;V为过滤累计出水体积,L;t为过滤时间,s。 -
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