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近年来,随着我国畜禽养殖业的快速发展,养殖废水的不合理排放带来了严重的面源污染[1]。与此同时,养殖废水中磷污染问题也受到了极大关注。一方面,磷是养殖废水中的主要污染物,当排放浓度达到0.02 mg·L−1时,便可引起水体富营养化[2];另一方面,磷矿是一种不可再生资源,对农业生产和磷化学工业具有重要意义[3]。因此,采用高效经济的畜禽养殖废水处理技术使其中的磷元素得以去除的同时实现资源化利用具有重要的现实意义。
目前,常用的除磷技术包括化学沉淀法、生物除磷法、离子交换法以及吸附法[4]。吸附法由于操作简单、成本低廉,尤其是在低磷酸盐浓度条件下吸附效率高,已越来越受到重视[5]。传统的磷吸附剂,如活性炭[6]、海泡石[7]和沸石[8]等,由于处理成本较高,容易产生二次污染或除磷能力有限等问题,在工程化应用中受到限制[9]。在过去的10年中,以果皮、木屑和作物秸秆等天然材料及废弃物材料为基础的生物质吸附剂受到了极大的关注[10]。
生物质材料由于易获取且无二次污染而被认为是一种经济有效且环境友好的吸附剂[11]。其中,海藻能够提供一系列的官能团,包括氨基、羟基、羧基、硫酸盐和咪唑等[12],且作为富营养化的产物,来源广泛,成本低廉。因此,它们可能是一类潜在的生物质吸附材料。但纯海藻类生物质存在导电性差、表面积小、孔隙率低、pH敏感性低等缺点[13],降低了其应用价值。因此,改性是提高其吸附性的必要措施。
镧是一种相对便宜和环境负效应较低的稀土元素[14],能与磷形成稳定沉淀(溶解性产物磷酸镧,pK=26.16)[15]。因此,将镧加载在载体上吸附废水中的磷是一种经济有效的方法。目前,已有研究者采用镧改性膨润土[16]、沸石[17]以及粉煤灰[18]等以增加材料的吸附性能,但采用镧改性海藻等生物质材料用于废水中磷吸附剂的研究还鲜见报道。改性海藻吸附磷酸盐后可直接用作肥料,实现磷元素的资源化再利用,可有效降低吸附工艺产生废物的后续处理费用和对环境的影响。
本研究拟采用镧改性4种海藻作为养殖废水除磷吸附剂,通过SEM和FT-IR等表征手段观察镧改性前、后海藻的表面特征和官能团变化,并探讨在模拟废水中不同吸附剂用量、pH对吸附性能的影响,观察其等温吸附及动力学吸附过程的特点;通过在养猪废水中进行验证,为养殖废水中磷的科学去除和资源化利用提供参考。
4种镧改性海藻粉末对养殖废水中磷的去除
Phosphorus removal from aquaculture wastewater by four types of lanthanum-modified seaweeds powder
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摘要: 为了解决使用矿物材料除磷产生大量沉积物的问题和实现磷的资源化利用,研究了镧改性的海带(La-LJ)、石莼(La-UL)、红藻(La-RP)和浒苔(La-EP)干化粉末材料对模拟废水和养猪废水中磷的吸附特征。在模拟废水中,随吸附剂用量的增加,4种镧改性的海藻对模拟废水中磷的吸附量均呈指数下降;随初始pH的升高,La-EP和La-UL对磷的吸附量增加,而La-LJ和La-RP对磷的吸附量减少。动力学吸附过程和等温吸附过程分别用准二级动力学模型和Freundlich模型拟合更适合。4种镧改性海藻对磷的最大吸附量为8.94~11.25 mg·g−1,相比于改性前,La-LJ、La-UL、La-RP和La-EP对磷的吸附量分别增加了24、38、66和25倍。在养猪废水中,经4种镧改性海藻吸附处理后,废水含磷浓度降低到2.5 mg·L−1以下,能实现达标排放。因此,镧改性的4种海藻是养猪废水吸附除磷的可行材料。Abstract: In order to solve the problem that a large amount of sediments occurrence when the mineral materials were used to remove phosphorus and to fulfill the phosphorus resource utilization, the adsorption characteristics of phosphorus in simulated wastewater and swine wastewater were studied with lanthanum-modified Laminaria japonica (La-LJ), Ulva lactuca (La-UL), Rhodymenia palmata (La-RP) and Enteromorpha prolifera (La-EP). In simulated water, the adsorption capacities of four lanthanum-modified seaweeds decreased exponentially with the increase of dosage. With the increase of initial pH, the adsorption capacities of La-EP and La-UL increased, while the adsorption capacities of La-LJ and La-RP decreased. The kinetic processes and isothermal adsorption could be better fitted by the pseudo-second order kinetic model and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacities of the four types of lanthanum-modified seaweeds were among 8.94~11.25 mg·g−1. Compared with pre-modification seaweeds, the adsorption capacities of La-LJ, La-UL, La-RP and La-EP increased by 24, 38, 66 and 25 times, respectively. Moreover, the phosphorus concentrations in the swine wastewater after adsorption were reduced to 2.5 mg·L−1, which could meet the corresponding discharge standard in China. Therefore, four types of lanthanum-modified seaweeds could be feasible to remove phosphorus from swine wastewater.
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Key words:
- water treatment /
- phosphorus removal /
- adsorption /
- seaweeds /
- lanthanum modifcation
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表 1 4种镧改性海藻对模拟废水中磷吸附的准二级动力学模型和叶诺维奇模型相关参数
Table 1. Parameters of pseudo-second order and Elovich models for phosphorus adsorption in simulationwastewater with the four types of La-seaweeds
吸附剂 准二级动力学模型 叶诺维奇模型 k2 qe R2 αs βs R2 La-LJ 0.10 9.63 0.999 0.56 0.56 0.991 La-UL 0.10 10.48 0.999 0.47 0.47 0.990 La-EP 0.12 8.22 0.999 1.10 1.10 0.977 La-RP 0.11 9.34 0.999 0.65 0.65 0.974 表 2 4种镧改性海藻对模拟废水中磷吸附的粒子内扩散模型相关参数
Table 2. Parameters of intra-particle diffusion model for phosphorous in simulation wastewaterwith the four types of La-seaweeds
吸附剂 第1阶段 第2阶段 第3阶段 kip1 C1 R2 kip2 C2 R2 kip3 C3 R2 La-LJ 0.56 0.65 1 0.40 1.83 0.999 0.13 5.71 0.999 La-UL 0.74 −0.74 1 0.47 1.39 0.999 0.16 5.71 0.999 La-EP 0.43 2.90 1 0.17 4.93 0.973 0.05 6.78 0.999 La-RP 0.68 0.48 1 0.30 3.39 0.959 0.09 6.68 0.999 表 3 4种镧改性海藻对模拟废水中磷的等温吸附模型
Table 3. Isothermal adsorption model parameters for phosphorous in simulation wastewater with the four types of La-seaweeds
材料 Langmuir Freundlich qm/(mg·g-1) ka R2 kf 1/n R2 La-LJ 10.80 0.75 0.89 6.95 0.12 0.96 La-EP 8.94 2.48 0.85 7.56 0.05 0.97 La-RP 11.25 1.02 0.87 7.33 0.14 0.97 La-UL 9.90 5.78 0.77 8.83 0.04 0.94 -
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