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苯乙烯作为一种重要的化工原料单体,广泛应用于制药、染料、合成橡胶、ABS树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂等行业。从苯乙烯进口量来看,中国从2009年至今保持着苯乙烯进口第一大国。至2015年底,中国苯乙烯产能约785.4×104 t·a−1,但仍处于产不足销状态[1]。大量苯乙烯的生产和消耗,会危害人体健康,增加大气和水体污染的风险[2-4]。基于此,各国对含苯乙烯废气的治理也越发关注,并出台了一系列政策,旨在控制苯乙烯的排放[5-8]。吸附法治理有机废气是一种常见的手段,目前研究较多的吸附材料有活性炭、活性炭纤维、树脂、污泥、沸石分子筛等[9]。其中,活性炭和树脂材料虽然孔隙发达,对有机物吸附量高,但再生的安全问题一直未能很好解决。因此,国家环境保护总局2008年颁发的《国家鼓励发展的环境保护技术目录》强调:为解决含碳吸附材料再生过程的着火问题,采用分子筛作为吸附浓缩-催化燃烧净化技术的吸附材料。
目前,有关分子筛材料的研究主要集中在吸附分离水中Pb、Cr等重金属[10-11]、分离油品里的含硫化合物[12-13]以及吸附甲苯、醚类等有机物方面[13-14];有关分子筛对苯乙烯吸附的实验研究主要集中在催化氧化[15]和催化聚合方面,但催化氧化常常产生二次污染物,如环氧苯乙烷[16]、甲醛[17]等。因此,仅依靠催化氧化不能保证对含苯乙烯废气进行彻底治理,推广分子筛在吸附浓缩-催化燃烧技术上的应用仍具有现实意义。
市场原样13X分子筛价格低廉,孔径较大,但孔隙率和吸附容量较低。多项研究表明,通过酸碱、高温改性分子筛可以增加孔隙率,进而提高分子筛的吸附性能[18-21]。本研究采用不同酸碱对13X分子筛进行改性,从吸附速率和吸附容量方面比较不同试剂对13X分子筛吸附苯乙烯蒸气的能力,然后用高温对筛选后的分子筛进行二次改性,确定改性分子筛吸附苯乙烯的最佳改性条件。
酸碱、高温改性13X分子筛及其对苯乙烯的吸附
Acid, alkali and high temperature modified 13X molecular sieve and its adsorption of styrene
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摘要: 针对原样13X分子筛吸附速率和吸附容量低的问题,通过碱溶液(NaOH,NH3)和酸溶液(CH3COOH,HCl)对13X分子筛进行浸渍改性,并对酸改性后的分子筛进行高温二次处理,考察了试剂种类、试剂浓度、浸渍时间、焙烧温度、焙烧时间5个因素对分子筛吸附性能的影响,并采用SEM和BET进行了表征。结果表明:最佳改性条件是盐酸浓度6.0 mol·L−1、浸渍时间24 h、焙烧温度450 ℃、焙烧时间6 h;在最佳条件下制备的改性分子筛极大提高了对苯乙烯的吸附速率和吸附容量;改性后的分子筛对苯乙烯的动态吸附更符合准2级动力学模型,R2均大于0.98;SEM表征结果说明改性后分子筛表面孔隙率明显增加;BET比表面积分析结果说明酸改性可使分子筛各类孔面积增加,而高温改性会使BET比表面积和中孔面积增加,微孔面积降低;相关分析结果显示,改性分子筛对苯乙烯动态饱和吸附量与BET比表面积和中孔面积均呈显著正相关。Abstract: In order to improve the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of 13-X molecular sieves, it was modified by basic solutions (NaOH, NH3) and acidic solutions (CH3COOH, HCl), and the acid modified molecular sieves were further treated by high temperature. The effects of reagents, concentration, immersion time, calcination temperature and calcination time on the adsorption performances of the modified molecular sieves towards styrene were investigated. SEM and BET were used to characterize the molecular sieves as well. Results indicated that the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of styrene by the modified 13-X molecular sieves were significantly improved under the optimum modification conditions as follows: hydrochloric acid concentration of 6 mol·L-1, immersion time of 24 h, calcination temperature of 450 ℃, and calcination time of 6 h. And the kinetic process of styrene onto the modified molecular sieves could be fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R2 larger than 0.98. SEM images indicated that the surface porosity of molecular sieves was significantly elevated after the modification. BET analysis showed that acid modification could improve the specific surface area, micropore and mesopore areas of molecular sieves, while high temperature modification could improve the specific surface area and mesopore area but reduce the micropore area. Correlation analysis indicated that the dynamic saturated adsorption capacity of styrene onto the modified molecular sieves had a good positive correlation with the BET specific surface area and mesopore area.
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Key words:
- 13-X molecular sieves /
- modification /
- adsorption /
- styrene
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表 1 分子筛孔面积和孔容分布
Table 1. Molecular sieve pore area and pore volume distribution
样品 SBET/(m2·g−1) Smic/(m2·g−1) Smeso/(m2·g−1) Vtotal/(mL·g−1) Vmic/(mL·g−1) 原样 52.17 11.43 40.75 0.108 0 0.005 7 氢氧化钠改性 12.97 8.83 4.14 0.021 2 0.003 9 氨水改性 45.24 22.70 22.54 0.087 5 0.007 2 乙酸改性 48.10 21.58 26.52 0.073 6 0.006 6 盐酸改性 119.49 29.68 89.81 0.149 2 0.015 66 300 ℃-2 h 120.32 35.85 84.47 0.157 7 0.005 22 450 ℃-2 h 118.64 38.22 80.42 0.162 4 0.007 14 450 ℃-6 h 129.74 7.75 121.98 0.196 4 0.003 73 -
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