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塑料因其重量轻、耐腐蚀、化学性质稳定等优点,被广泛应用于人类生产生活[1]. 目前所生产的塑料中,有近80%最终会成为塑料垃圾,被掩埋或堆积在环境中[2]. 环境里的塑料垃圾中有相当大的一部分是直径或长度小于5 mm的颗粒,也被称为微塑料[3]. 微塑料的来源包括较大尺寸塑料垃圾的分解、破碎,以及微米尺寸塑料颗粒的直接生产、使用和处置[4]. 目前针对环境微塑料污染的研究主要集中在陆地环境和水环境. 陆地环境中的微塑料主要来源于垃圾填埋场中塑料制品的破碎、污泥农用、农业地膜破碎和汽车轮胎磨损[5-6]. 水环境中的微塑料主要来源于污水处理厂排放、渔业活动以及船舶运输业释放[7-8]. 微塑料广泛分布在土壤、海洋、河流、湖泊等环境介质中,即便在偏远地区(如极地、高山、深海沉积物中)也均有检出[9-12]. 据估算,陆地环境中每年新增的微塑料超过43万吨[6],而海洋中至少漂浮着5.3万亿个微塑料颗粒[13]. 微塑料易被生物体吞食,诱导氧化应激和炎症反应进而引发颗粒毒性,从而造成肝脏、肾脏、胃肠道等器官损伤[14-15]. 同时,微塑料在生产过程中会混入大量添加剂,例如邻苯二甲酸酯、多溴联苯醚等;生物体摄食微塑料可导致添加剂在体内的释放和积累,进而引发化学毒性,显著抑制生物生长和早期发育[16-17]. 此外,微塑料粒径较小、比表面积较大,进入环境后可成为众多有机污染物、重金属以及微生物的载体,促进了这些污染物的生物富集,造成严重的生态和健康风险[18]. 因此,环境中微塑料的大量存在及其环境风险近年来已在全球范围内引起了广泛关注.
环境中的微塑料可在机械力、紫外线、高温、化学物质和生物等环境因素作用下发生一系列的物理、化学和生物老化[7, 19-22]. 环境老化使得微塑料表面形貌和理化性质发生改变,进而影响微塑料迁移和吸附污染物的能力,改变生物体摄入微塑料的方式和程度. 同时,老化增加了微塑料中添加剂向环境中释放的风险,增强了毒性效应[23-25]. 因此,研究微塑料的环境老化及由此产生的效应具有重要意义. 本文通过综述国内外微塑料环境老化研究的最新进展,总结了物理、化学和生物老化的主要过程与机制,分析了老化对微塑料的环境行为和效应的影响.
微塑料的环境老化机制及效应研究进展
Environmental aging of microplastic: Processes, mechanisms and implications
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摘要: 微塑料通常是指尺寸小于5 mm的塑料颗粒. 环境中微塑料的来源主要包括微米尺度塑料的直接排放,以及大块塑料制品的降解破碎. 微塑料在环境中的存在和富集对人体健康和生态环境产生严重危害,微塑料污染问题已在全球范围内引起广泛关注. 环境中的微塑料可在机械力、紫外线、高温、化学物质和生物等多种因素的作用下发生复杂的物理、化学和生物老化,导致微塑料表观形貌、分子结构及化学组成等理化性质的改变,进而显著影响其迁移特征、富集和载带污染物的能力,以及对生物体的毒性效应机制. 本文综述了微塑料在环境因子作用下可能发生的物理化学性质变化以及相应的老化机制,分析了老化对微塑料环境行为和效应的影响,指出了未来研究应更加关注微塑料在真实环境下的老化过程,量化老化程度,建立老化对微塑料环境效应影响的关系曲线并开发预测模型.Abstract: Microplastics, commonly referring to plastic particles ≤ 5 mm in size, can enter the environment either from direct release of micro-sized plastics contained in consumer products, or from the degradation and fragmentation of bulk plastic debris. The wide spread of microplastics in the environment poses serious risks to human health and ecological environment, and thus, has become an increasing environmental concern. In natural environments microplastics can undergo various chemical, physical and biological transformation, as affected by mechanical forces, ultraviolet irradiation, high temperature, as well as chemical and biological stresses. Environmental transformation can markedly affect the morphology, molecular structure and chemical compositions of microplastics, which in turn affect their transport, affinities for contaminants, and toxicity. In this paper we summarize the physicochemical changes of microplastics due to environmental aging processes, the underlying mechanisms, and the effects on their environmental behaviors and implications. We propose that future research should focus on understanding aging processes of microplastics in realistic environments, and on developing correlations and models for quantifying the extents of aging due to environmental stresses.
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Key words:
- microplastics /
- aging /
- environmental implications /
- transport /
- contaminant accumulation /
- toxicity effects
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