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邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalates,PAEs)是重要的工业添加剂之一,主要用作塑料产品制造和加工的增塑剂[1]. PAEs与塑料分子之间没有化学键作用,仅通过范德华力(分子间力)连接在一起,相互作用较弱,因此很容易从塑料制品中泄露进入环境[2]. PAEs危害很大,不仅其生殖毒性类似于雌性激素, 还具有致畸致癌致突变的三致毒性, 可通过呼吸、饮食和皮肤接触进入人体, 危害人体健康[3]. 近年来,随着工业生产的迅速发展和塑料制品的广泛使用,PAEs已成为全球学界最关注的新兴有机污染物之一[4-6].
在我国,PAEs的消费量超过每年87万吨,占聚氯乙烯生产中增塑剂用量的90%[7],预计消费量还会增加[8]. PAEs目前使用较多的主要有14种[9],其中邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate,DEHP)是农业土壤和蔬菜中最常检测到的PAEs化合物之一,其浓度在环境介质中高于大多数其他PAEs化合物[10],是我国优先控制的PAEs污染物[11]. 邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutylphthalate,DBP)是PAEs化合物中一种重要的增塑剂,在饮用水、地表水、室内外空气粉尘、河底沉积物和土壤中频频检出[12-13]. 蔡全英等[14]分析了我国内地和香港城市污泥中6种优先控制PAEs,其质量浓度为10.465—114.166 mg·kg−1. 张鸿郭等[15]分析了广州填埋场周边土壤中的DEHP、DBP和DEP等优先控制PAEs,其质量浓度为44.25—216.63 mg·kg−1. 由于土壤中的PAEs会通过各种途径流入水中,因此亟需研究一种有效去除水及土壤环境介质中PAEs的方法. 水中PAEs的去除方法包括吸附法[16]、生物降解法[17]、高级氧化法[18]等. Shaida等[19]以低碳高硅酸盐廉价煤为原料,通过壳聚糖的羟基与硅酸盐基团相互连接,制备了富矿物质煤与壳聚糖的复合物,该复合物在pH值为5.8时对邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(diethyl phthalate,DEP)的吸附率达到了91.1%. 魏丽琼等[20]研究了4种植物各自单作和分别间作对土壤中PAEs的降解,结果表明黑麦草和苏丹草对DEHP污染土壤的修复效率分别可以达到53.63%和50.55%. 晏晓旭等[21]使用Fe0在室温条件下活化过硫酸钠(persulfate sodium,PS)产生硫酸根自由基,3.5 h后邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(dimethyl phthalate,DMP)的去除率达到了50%. 其中高级氧化法的处理效率较高,PS是化学氧化修复技术中常用的氧化剂[22],具有较好的水溶性和稳定性,经活化后可分解生成硫酸盐自由基,其氧化能力较强,可以氧化大多数的有机污染物[23]. 活化PS的方式有很多,热活化过硫酸盐氧化技术是一种十分清洁的活化技术,相比于碱活化、金属活化、活性炭活化等方式,热活化不会对环境引入新的化学污染物,并且是在众多活化方式中较容易产生SO4·−的方式. [24].
目前,热活化PS降解去除PAEs的效果和机理尚不明确. 本文通过热活化PS的方式降解去除水中的PAEs,研究了污染物初始浓度、过硫酸钠活化温度及用量、助溶剂的添加量对PAEs降解去除的影响,分析了DBP的降解产物,为PS降解去除环境介质中DBP提供理论和实践依据.
热活化过硫酸钠氧化去除水中邻苯二甲酸酯
Removal of phthalates from water by thermally activated sodium persulfate oxidation
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摘要: 邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)主要用作塑料产品制造和加工的增塑剂,是全球关注的新兴污染物之一. 本研究以邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为目标污染物,研究了在不同污染物初始浓度、过硫酸钠活化温度及浓度、助溶剂添加量对过硫酸钠氧化去除水中邻苯二甲酸酯的影响及机理. 结果表明,在实验条件下,邻苯二甲酸酯初始浓度与去除率呈反比,反应温度、过硫酸钠浓度和pH与邻苯二甲酸酯的去除率呈正比. 在80 ℃,过硫酸钠浓度为84 mmol·L-1,助溶剂的添加量为30%时,DBP的降解率达到了100%,DEHP的降解率达到了92.8%. GC/MS分析表明,在高温活化过硫酸钠的条件下,邻苯二甲酸和邻苯二甲酸酐是DBP降解的主要产物,脱烷基化和羟基化是DBP降解的主要机理. 本研究为过硫酸钠去除环境介质中的邻苯二甲酸酯提供了理论和实践依据.Abstract: Phthalates (PAEs) are mainly used as plasticizers in the manufacture and processing of plastic products. They are one of the emerging pollutants of global concern. Taking di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) as target pollutants, the effects and mechanism of different initial concentrations of pollutants, activation temperature and concentration of persulfate sodium and the amount of cosolvent on the oxidative removal of phthalates in water were studied. The results showed that under the experimental conditions, the initial concentration of phthalate is inversely proportional to the removal rate, and the reaction temperature, sodium persulfate concentration and pH are directly proportional to the removal rate of phthalate. When the concentration of sodium persulfate was 84 mmol·L-1 at 80 ℃ and the amount of cosolvent was 30%, the degradation rate of DBP and DEHP reached 100% and 92.8%. GC/MS analysis showed that under the condition of high temperature activation of persulfate sodium, phthalic acid and phthalic anhydride were the main products of DBP degradation, and dealkylation and hydroxylation were the main mechanisms of DBP degradation. This study provides a theoretical and practical basis for the removal of phthalates from environmental media by persulfate sodium.
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Key words:
- phthalate ester /
- persulfate sodium /
- thermal activation /
- degradation products.
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表 1 PAEs降解的因素实验设计
Table 1. Experimental design of factors affecting the degradation of PAEs
序号
Serial number实验设计
Experimental design污染物初始浓度/
(mmol·L−1)
Initial concentration
of pollutantsPS浓度/(mmol·L−1)
PS concentration温度/℃
TemperaturepH 助溶剂添加量/%
Cosolvent addition备注
Remarks1 氧化方式 50 — 25 7 5 空白 50 — 80 7 5 只加热,不加PS 50 84 25 7 5 添加未活化的PS 50 84 80 7 5 水浴活化PS 2 污染物初始浓度 50 84 80 7 5 — 100 84 80 7 5 — 200 84 80 7 5 — 3 活化温度 50 84 60 7 5 — 50 84 70 7 5 — 50 84 80 7 5 — 50 84 90 7 5 — 4 PS浓度 50 42 80 7 5 — 50 84 80 7 5 — 50 126 80 7 5 — 50 168 80 7 5 — 50 210 80 7 5 — 5 pH 50 84 80 2 5 — 50 84 80 7 5 — 50 84 80 10 5 — 6 助溶剂添加量 50 84 80 7 5 — 50 84 80 7 10 — 50 84 80 7 20 — 50 84 80 7 30 — -
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