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木质纤维素是一种来源丰富、分布广泛的可再生资源,可用来生产多种生物基产品(如燃料乙醇、乳酸等)[1-2]. 由于目前全球面临食品短缺、能源危机和环境污染等问题,将木质纤维素转化为生物基化学品和清洁燃料的研究一直备受关注[3-5]. 然而,由于木质纤维素的生物顽抗性,微生物和酶很难将其降解利用. 预处理能够将这种生物质顽抗性破坏,增大纤维素的孔隙率和比表面积,有效降低纤维素的结晶度,提高酶解时酶对纤维素底物的可及性,提高木质纤维素生物质的转化率. 因此合适的预处理方法,是木质纤维素生物质高值转化为发酵底物——糖(葡萄糖、木糖等)的重要步骤. 目前国内外主要使用物理技术(机械破碎[6]、微波[7]、超声[8])、化学技术(酸、碱水解[9-10]、有机溶剂、离子液体预处理[11-12])、生物技术(真菌处理[13]、生物酶法[14])和物理化学技术(蒸汽爆破、氨纤维爆破、水热预处理[15-17])等预处理技术,去除木质纤维素原料中的木质素和少量半纤维素,增加纤维素孔隙度以增强酶对纤维素的可及性,提高酶水解和糖转化的效率.
水热预处理是处理木质纤维素生物质的常用方法,它具有环境友好,操作成本低的优势[18]. 水热预处理利用热水作为唯一的试剂并且在相对较低的温度(150—230 ℃)和压力下进行,被认为是一种经济有效的生物质预处理技术[19]. 碱预处理也是一种常见的生物质预处理方法,通常使用NaOH来处理木质纤维素. 碱法预处理能够打破木质素和碳水化合物之间的酯键,溶解木质素和部分半纤维素,使得木质纤维素内表面积增加,降低纤维素结晶度和聚合度,大大提高了原料的酶解得率[20]. 本实验室在前人[21]的基础上,建立了一种新型的预处理方式,乙二胺(EDA / Ethanediamine)预处理. EDA预处理可广泛去除木质纤维素中的木质素和乙酰基,并将I型或II型结晶纤维素转变为III型或异形体结构,导致酶解得率增加. EDA预处理过程中不需要添加水或其他溶剂,是一种“干”法到“干”法的过程,避免了预处理后的固液分离. 另外,由于EDA良好的挥发性,可以在预处理后轻易地回收利用[22]. 因此,EDA预处理是一种非常具有前景的预处理方式.
本文以我国丰富的稻草(RS / Rice straw)为原料,研究了水热、NaOH、EDA的 3种预处理方式对其化学组成和物理化学结构特性的影响,以探讨影响木质纤维素底物酶解转化的关键因素,为稻草等木质纤维素原料的生物转化提供研究基础.
不同预处理方法对稻草化学组分和酶解得率的影响
Effects of different pretreatment methods on chemical components and enzymatic hydrolysis accessibility of rice straw
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摘要: 稻草是我国产量极大的木质纤维素代表,将其转化为生物基产品具有重要的意义. 因此研究采用水热、NaOH、乙二胺(EDA / Ethanediamine)预处理方式对稻草进行预处理,以打破木质纤维素的生物顽抗性,研究稻草在不同预处理过程中主要组分的迁移规律及酶解得率;通过扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)等分析方法对预处理前后的底物进行微观结构分析,研究其物理形态和化学结构的变化规律. 结果表明,水热预处理的选择性去除能力较差,在去除半纤维素的同时会导致较多纤维素组分的损失;NaOH和EDA预处理能够有效去除木质素组分,同时较好的保留纤维素和半纤维素组分;3种预处理方法都能够促进稻草的酶解得率. 其中,以20 mL乙二胺负载量,在150 ℃条件下油浴20 min预处理的稻草酶解得率得到了显著提高(26.2%—99.8%);预处理后,稻草致密的物理结构变得疏松,大量纤维束外露,增加了纤维素与酶的可及性,与半纤维素相连接的乙酰基和木质素因为酯键的断裂而脱除,与木质素相关的吸收峰在碱性预处理中减弱,而在水热预处理中增强,表明碱性预处理能够降低稻草的相对结晶度,同时能够有效去除木质素.Abstract: Rice straw is the representative of lignocellulose with large yield in China, and it is of great significance to transform it into bio-based products. Therefore, hydrothermal pretreatment, NaOH pretreatment and ethylenediamine pretreatment were used to pretreat rice straw to break the biological resistance of lignocellulose, and to study the migration law of main components and enzymatic hydrolysis rate of rice straw in different pretreatment processes. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to analyze the microstructure of the substrates before and after pretreatment, and to study the change of their physical morphology and chemical structure. The results show that the selective removal ability of hydrothermal pretreatment is poor, and the removal of hemicellulose will lead to the loss of more cellulose components.The pretreatment of NaOH and EDA could effectively remove the lignin components and retain the cellulose and hemicellulose components. All three pretreatment methods could improve the yield of rice straw. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate of rice straw was significantly increased (26.2%—99.8%) with 20 mL ethanediamine (EDA) loading and oil bath for 20 min at 150 ℃. After pretreatment, straw dense physical structure become loose, a large number of fiber bundle exposed, increased accessibility, cellulose and enzymes of the acetylation of connected to hemicellulose and lignin removal by ester bond rupture, the absorption peak associated with lignin in alkaline pretreatment is abate, and enhanced in the hydrothermal pretreatment, show that alkali pretreatment can reduce the relative crystallinity of straw, At the same time, it can effectively remove lignin.
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Key words:
- lignocellulose /
- pretreatment /
- enzymatic hydrolysis yield /
- microstructure.
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