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近些年来,湖泊的磷元素超标问题得到了极大的关注[1],作为水体富营养化的重要指标之一,磷含量超标会导致湖体水华等一系列的环境污染事件[2-3]。研究表明,湖泊中磷的来源主要分为外源污染和内源释放,在外源污染普通得到很好控制的背景下,内源磷释放成为湖泊磷的主要污染来源[4-5]。
2010年以来,以镧改性膨润土为代表的锁磷剂在控制湖泊内源磷方面表现出了较好的应用前景[6-7]。镧改性膨润土在国外的浅水型湖泊应用取得了较好的效果, Epe等[8]在德国富营养化的浅水湖泊湖中投加镧改性膨润土,发现通过增加沉积物磷 (P) 浓度很大程度上减少了水体磷的浓度。我国滇池、太湖长广溪,以及天津的一些河道进行的性能测试,也取得了较好的效果[9]。朱广伟等发现,镧改性膨润土对杭州西湖底泥的控磷率达98%[10]。任琪琪等[11]投加锁磷剂后对上覆水中的磷酸盐去除率达到90%以上,沉积物内源磷释放削减83.1%。理论研究发现,镧改性膨润土具有易于使用、理化性质能与环境兼容等优点[8, 12-13],结合在膨润土中的稀土镧能与水体中溶解PO43-发生化学反应形成稳定的难溶化合物(LaPO4·nH2O)沉淀[14],降低水体中的磷[15]。同时,也可以加强沉积物对磷的滞留能力,有效地将沉积物中的内源磷锁住,无法向上覆水体起到较好的固定作用[16]。
长荡湖是太湖流域的重要湖泊,也是金坛区和溧阳市区域供水、生态调节的重要水域,但是目前长荡湖整体水质呈现出“氮低磷高”的趋势,富营养化程度较为严重,磷元素过高已成为影响长荡湖水质达标及湖体富营养化的重要因素。磷素过高的问题对长荡湖的生态造成较大影响,该问题亟待解决。裴佳瑶等研究发现,磷过量输入是导致湖泊富营养化的直接原因,但另一重要来源则是底泥向上覆水的内源释放[17]。近些年来,长荡湖外源污染输入得到了很好地控制,但湖区内磷素过高仍未得到有效缓解,多考虑为底泥向上覆水体持续释放磷。底泥向上覆水释放过程中受环境因子的影响较大,张茜等也研究了不同温度、pH、溶氧度环境条件下底泥对上覆水总磷释放强度的影响[18]。随着温度升高,总磷释放强度增加;中性不利于底泥释磷,强酸强碱环境则有利于底泥释磷;底泥磷的释放强度总体随溶氧度浓度的升高而降低。
本文考察影响底泥释放的常见温度、pH、溶氧度环境因子作用下内源磷的释放情况,以及探究镧改性膨润土对底泥内源磷释放的抑制作用。本研究结果为磷素过高导致的长荡湖富营养化治理提供了一定的参考。
镧改性膨润土对长荡湖底泥磷的释放机制
Study on the inhibitory effect of lanthanum-modified bentonite on the release of phosphorus from the overlying water and sediment of Changdang Lake
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摘要: 在监测常州长荡湖水样和沉积物磷形态与含量的基础上,开展了在温度、pH、溶氧度等不同环境因子背景下镧改性膨润土对底泥磷释放的抑制效果研究。通过对比监测上覆水体磷的浓度、底泥磷的形态变化,考察了镧改性膨润土对水体磷的钝化效果以及底泥磷的固定作用。结果表明,镧改性膨润土可以很好地抑制底泥释磷,抑制底泥的释放率达到了55%—75%。温度和溶氧度的变化对镧改性膨润土的抑磷率无影响,而强酸碱(pH=4、pH=10)环境相较与中性环境(pH=7)抑磷效率减少15%;沉积物中Ex-P和Fe/Al-P等活性态磷含量下降了55%—60%,而Ca-P等稳定态磷含量上升1—1.1倍,说明镧改性膨润土可以改变沉积物磷的形态,由不稳定态转化为稳定态,提高了底泥对磷的滞留能力,降低了对上覆水释放的风险。利用镧改性膨润土控制长荡湖水体磷污染具有较好的应用前景。Abstract: Based on the monitoring of phosphorus forms and contents in water samples and sediments of Changdang Lake in Changzhou, the inhibition effect of lanthanum modified bentonite on phosphorus release from sediment under three different environmental factors, namely temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen, was studied. The passivation effect of lanthanum modified bentonite on phosphorus in water and the fixation of phosphorus in sediment were investigated by comparing and monitoring the phosphorus concentration in overlying water and the form changes of phosphorus in sediment. The results show that La-modified bentonite can inhibit phosphorus release from sediment very well, and the inhibition rate of phosphorus release from sediment reaches 60%—75%. The change of temperature and dissolved oxygen has no effect on the phosphorus inhibition rate of lanthanum modified bentonite, but the phosphorus inhibition efficiency of strong acid-base environment (pH=4, pH=10) is reduced by 15% compared with that of neutral environment (pH=7); The content of active phosphorus such as Ex-P and Fe/Al-P in sediment decreased by 55%—60%, while the content of stable phosphorus such as Ca-P increased by 1—1.1 times, which indicated that lanthanum modified bentonite could change the form of phosphorus in sediment from unstable state to stable state, improve the retention capacity of phosphorus in sediment and reduce the risk of releasing overlying water. Using lanthanum modified bentonite to control phosphorus pollution in Changdang Lake has a good application prospect.
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Key words:
- bottom mud /
- total phosphorus /
- release /
- lanthanum modified bentonite /
- phosphorus form
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