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近年来,空气污染已成为一个严重的社会问题,而挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds, VOCs)是造成雾霾、臭氧(O3)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)等空气污染的重要前体物,因其对人体和环境的显著危害而备受关注[1]. 目前,VOCs的处理方法主要有吸附法[2]和催化燃烧法[3]. 吸附法主要是采用活性炭[4]、沸石分子筛[5-6]、高聚物吸附树脂[7]等吸附剂对VOCs进行吸附从而消除有害污染物,本质上是将低浓度VOCs富集为高浓度,仍需进一步处置. 催化燃烧法是使用催化剂降低VOCs的起燃温度而进行燃烧,具有高效率、低能耗、无二次污染的优点,但该方法对有机废气浓度有一定要求,过低浓度的VOCs无法维持催化反应的持续进行[8].
工业源有机废气大多为低浓度、大风量,应用单一处理技术受到若干实际因素限制且成本较高[9]. 吸附/催化双功能材料为VOCs处理技术的发展提供了新的动力,将高吸附容量的吸附材料和高催化活性的催化材料有机结合起来,一方面利用吸附材料富集VOCs为热催化过程提供所需浓度;另一方面利用热催化过程中的热量可以实现吸附材料的原位脱附再生[10-13]. 这种吸附/催化双功能材料因其在处理VOCs中的优越性而备受广大工作者的关注. Howard等[14]用金属Cr对ZSM-5沸石分子筛进行改性,以卤代VOCs为研究对象,发现这种材料在处理低浓度卤代VOCs时可节能93%. 孙静等[15]以USY分子筛作为吸附剂及载体,选用Co3O4作为催化剂,制备了具有吸附和催化氧化双重功能的Co3O4/USY,该材料具有较高的吸附容量,催化氧化甲苯活性也显著提升,Co3O4负载量越大,低温催化活性越好,CO2选择性越高. Wang等[16]对负载Ru的HZSM-5分子筛的吸附/催化性能进行了探讨,发现该催化剂对甲苯、邻二甲苯和三甲苯均表现出优异的吸附和催化氧化性能,且在吸附-催化循环过程中再生性良好.这些研究为吸附/催化双功能材料在VOCs处理中的应用提供了方向.
为了寻找更好的吸附/催化双功能材料,本研究选取具有独特三维孔道的ZSM-5沸石分子筛作为吸附剂及载体,以非贵金属中催化活性较高的MnOx为催化剂[17],采用柠檬酸络合法分别掺杂Cu、Co和Ni,制备了具有吸附和催化氧化双重功能的MnOx/ZSM-5、CuOx/ZSM-5、CuMnOx/ZSM-5、CoMnOx/ZSM-5和NiMnOx/ZSM-5催化剂,以常见污染物甲苯为处理对象,探讨了过渡金属Cu、Co和Ni掺杂对MnOx/ZSM-5吸附和催化氧化性能的影响。通过氮气吸脱附(brunauer-emmett-teller, BET)、X射线衍射(X-rays diffraction, XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-temperature programmed reduction, H2-TPR)和X射线光电子能谱(X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, XPS)对制备催化剂的物理结构性质及氧化还原性能进行了表征,并进一步评估了CuMnOx/ZSM-5的工业适用性,为VOCs常温吸附-低温催化氧化一体化技术的发展提供参考.
过渡金属掺杂MnOx/ZSM-5对甲苯吸附和催化氧化的影响
Effect of transition metal oxide doping MnOx/ZSM-5 on the adsorption and catalytic oxidation of toluene
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摘要: 实验采用柠檬酸络合法制备了一系列过渡金属掺杂MnOx/ZSM-5的吸附/催化双功能材料,以甲苯为处理对象,探讨了过渡金属Cu、Co和Ni掺杂对MnOx/ZSM-5吸附和催化氧化性能的影响. 通过BET、XRD、SEM、H2-TPR和XPS对所制备催化剂进行了表征,并进一步评估了CuMnOx/ZSM-5的工业适用性. 结果显示,CuMnOx/ZSM-5在所有催化剂中表现出最好的吸附和催化氧化性能,对甲苯的平衡吸附量为25.90 mg·g−1,与MnOx/ZSM-5和CuOx/ZSM-5相比,其催化氧化甲苯的T50和T90均降低了30 ℃左右. 由表征结果可知,CuMnOx/ZSM-5中的Cu和Mn在甲苯吸附和催化氧化过程中产生强相互作用,使催化剂中Mn4+以及表面吸附氧(Oβ)物种量增多,提供了大量的活性位点,增强了其吸附和催化氧化性能. 此外,CuMnOx/ZSM-5在不同空速下均表现出良好的吸附和催化氧化性能,在高湿环境中吸附性能下降,但仍能对甲苯表现出良好的催化氧化性能,同时还具有良好的再生性和稳定性,可在吸附-催化氧化一体化技术处理工业VOCs中发挥重要作用.
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关键词:
- 甲苯 /
- 过渡金属 /
- ZSM-5沸石分子筛 /
- 吸附 /
- 催化氧化.
Abstract: A series of transitional metal oxide doping MnOx/ZSM-5 were prepared via conventional citric acid complex method, and evaluated as adsorbent/catalyst bifunctional materials for VOCs elimination. The effects of transition metal Cu, Co and Ni doping on the adsorption and catalytic oxidation properties of MnOx/ZSM-5 were examined using toluene as representative molecules. Systematic structural/physicochemical characterizations such as BET, XRD, SEM, H2-TPR, XPS were also performed along with practical application tests under simulated industrial conditions. Results showed that the CuMnOx/ZSM-5 exhibited the best adsorption and catalytic oxidation performance among all the prepared catalysts. Compared with MnOx/ZSM-5 and CuOx/ZSM-5, the T50 and T90 of CuMnOx/ZSM-5 by toluene combustion were reduced by about 30°C with its equilibrium adsorption capacity of toluene above 25.90 mg·g−1. Characterization results suggested that strong interaction existed between Cu and Mn of CuMnOx/ZSM-5, which resulted in the formation of more Mn4+ and surface adsorbed oxygen(Oβ) species, providing more reactive sites and enhancing the adsorption and catalytic oxidation performance. In addition, practical application tests demonstrated that CuMnOx/ZSM-5 presented excellent tolerance to different space velocities turbulence, as well as good regeneration ability and long-term stability, although the high humidity environment could cause certain deterioration in adsorption performance. All the results suggested that CuMnOx/ZSM-5 could be promising candidates with practical potentials for the treatment of industrial VOCs by the integrated adsorption-catalytic oxidation technology.-
Key words:
- toluene /
- transition metal oxide /
- ZSM-5 zeolite molecular sieve /
- adsorption /
- catalytic oxidation.
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表 1 各催化剂对甲苯的吸附性能
Table 1. Adsorption property of catalysts for toluene
催化剂
Catalyst穿透时间/min
Penetration
time穿透吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Penetration adsorption
capacity吸附平衡时间/min
Adsorption
equilibrium time平衡吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Equilibrium adsorption
capacityMnOx/ZSM-5 77 14.66 215 24.01 CuMnOx/ZSM-5 81 15.44 190 25.90 CoMnOx/ZSM-5 70 13.31 155 19.78 NiMnOx/ZSM-5 64 12.17 155 21.38 CuOx/ZSM-5 63 11.96 160 21.30 表 2 各催化剂的BET分析和耗氢量计算
Table 2. BET analysis and H2 consumption of catalysts
催化剂
Catalyst比表面积/(m2·g−1)
SBET微孔孔容/(m3·g−1)
Micropore volume总孔容/(m3·g−1)
Total pore volume平均孔径/nm
Mean pore diameter耗氢量/(mmmol·g−1)
H2 consumptionZSM-5 451.82 0.18 0.24 2.14 - MnOx/ZSM-5 347.60 0.14 0.17 2.01 0.38 CuOx/ZSM-5 303.71 0.12 0.16 2.07 0.36 CuMnOx/ZSM-5 322.15 0.13 0.18 2.18 0.85 CoMnOx/ZSM-5 295.01 0.11 0.16 2.24 0.42 NiMnOx/ZSM-5 338.26 0.14 0.18 2.14 0.41 表 3 CuMnOx/ZSM-5在不同空速、湿度下吸附甲苯的性能
Table 3. Adsorption property of CuMnOx/ZSM-5 under different space velocities and humidities for toluene
穿透时间/min
Penetration time穿透吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Penetration adsorption capacity吸附平衡时间/min
Adsorption equilibrium time平衡吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Equilibrium adsorption capacity20000 mL·(g·h)−1 131 15.39 235 22.32 30000 mL·(g·h)−1 81 15.44 190 25.90 40000 mL·(g·h)−1 56 14.22 150 25.97 30000 mL·(g·h)−1
5% vol. H2O26 4.97 85 7.71 表 4 CuMnOx/ZSM-5的再生性能
Table 4. Reproducibility of CuMnOx/ZSM-5
再生次数
Regeneration times穿透时间/min
Penetration time穿透吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Penetration adsorption capacity吸附平衡时间/min
Adsorption equilibrium time平衡吸附量/(mg·g−1)
Equilibrium adsorption capacity0 81 15.44 190 25.90 1 66 12.57 165 23.01 2 75 14.29 170 24.58 表 5 不同催化剂对甲苯的吸附和催化氧化性能
Table 5. Adsorption and catalytic oxidation properties of toluene over various catalysts
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