-
粒径小于5 mm的微塑料已引起专家的广泛关注[1],成为水环境管理的新问题。微塑料可分为原生微塑料和次生微塑料两种。原生微塑料是指化妆品中的微珠或工业树脂颗粒[2]。次生微塑料是由大块塑料经过太阳光照、风、水浸等过程的作用下分解成的塑料颗粒或纤维[3]。大量微塑料长期存在于水体中,容易被浮游生物食入腹中,导致生物行为异常或死亡[4]。此外,微塑料还可经过食物链进行传递,并在生物群落中累积,最终可能危害人类健康[5-6]。微塑料具有粒径小、比表面积大、疏水性强等特性,易成为水环境中有机污染物的运输载体,导致污染扩散[7-8]。
微塑料对有机污染物的吸附性能不仅与微塑料和污染物的性质有关,还与外界环境条件有关[9]。Rochman等[10]指出,有机污染物在橡胶塑料上比玻璃塑料具有更高的吸附亲和力。Liu等[11]发现,PET表面的羰基与氯酚表面的羟基之间会产生氢键。随着pH值从4降到2,大量的H3O+会与氯苯酚争夺吸附位点,降低聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯对氯酚的吸附量。Zhang等[12]研究发现,腐植酸可作为风化后的聚苯乙烯表面和土霉素分子之间的桥梁,促进聚苯乙烯对土霉素的吸附。Zhang等[13]研究发现,阳离子Na+和Ca2+会与9-硝基蒽竞争 PP和PS表面的吸附位点。Yu等[14]研究了微塑料与四环素在水溶液中的吸附作用,当溶液中存在Cu2+时聚乙烯对四环素的吸附量会减小,这可能与聚乙烯和四环素形成的胶层表面电位有关。微塑料与有机污染物之间的交互作用是一个有研究意义的课题。
随着纺织业和染色工业的飞速发展,染料废水污染在许多发展中国家仍然是显著的。亚甲基蓝(MB)作为最常见的染料污染物,其具有高毒性,致癌性和诱变效应,对水生生物已构成严重威胁[15]。水体中的微塑料容易积累这些染料污染物,携带有机染料的微塑料可能对水生生物产生更大的毒害作用。现今关于微塑料富集MB的研究还非常有限。因此,需要进一步探究废旧微塑料与MB的作用机理,为评估其潜在的环境风险提供理论依据。
本文以MB为染料污染物的典型代表,以聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的3种具有不同官能团的聚合物为微塑料的典型代表,研究不同微塑料对MB的吸附行为及溶液pH、盐度、腐殖酸浓度、微塑料粒径、温度和自然水样对微塑料吸附MB的影响。采用扫描电镜、zeta电位、比表面积测试、红外光谱对微塑料的性能进行表征,旨在研究微塑料性能对MB吸附的影响,进一步研究有机染料与微塑料之间的交互作用机理,为科学评价微塑料复杂的环境行为以及作为载体协同迁移污染物的能力提供依据。
不同微塑料对亚甲基蓝的吸附行为
Adsorption behavior of methylene blue on diverse microplastics
-
摘要: 微塑料易成为水中染料污染物的载体而形成复合污染,增加污染物的环境危害性。目前,关于微塑料对染料污染物的吸附研究十分有限。本文以亚甲基蓝(MB)为染料污染物的典型代表,系统的研究了聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚氯乙烯(PVC)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)的3种微塑料对MB的吸附行为和吸附机理,分析了溶液pH、盐度、腐殖酸、粒径、温度和自然水样对吸附的影响。结果表明,不同微塑料对MB的吸附能力顺序为:PMMA > PVC > PS。微塑料对MB的吸附过程用准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温模型拟合较好,表明微塑料对MB的吸附为单分子层化学吸附。静电相互作用力和CH/π相互作用会促进微塑料对MB的吸附。PMMA和PVC与MB之间存在极性作用。PVC对MB的吸附还受卤素键的影响,PS和MB之间存在π–π相互作用。 不同微塑料对MB的吸附性能存在差异,主要与微塑料的比表面积和官能团有关。溶液pH通过影响微塑料表面所带电荷进而影响吸附性能;NaCl和腐殖酸会与MB竞争微塑料表面的吸附位点;升高温度能促进PMMA和PVC对MB的吸附,却抑制PS对MB的吸附。相对于纯水体系,微塑料在自然水环境下对MB的吸附能力明显下降。Abstract: Microplastics might be prone to accumulate dye pollutants in the aquatic environment, increasing their potential environmental risks. However, there were rare studies on the interaction between microplastics and dye pollutants. In this study, the interaction between methylene blue (MB) and microplastics (polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)) were thoroughly investigated, and the effects of pH, salinity, humic acid, particle size, temperature, and natural aquatic environment were considered. The adsorption capacity of MB on microplastics followed the order PMMA > PVC > PS. The sorption process for microplastics to MB could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model and Langmuir model, revealing that the adsorption was monolayer chemisorption. Electrostatic interaction and CH/π interaction could promote the adsorption of MB on microplastics. PMMA and PVC could combine with MB through polar interaction. The adsorption of PVC to MB was affected by halogen bonding, and there was a π-π interaction between PS and MB. The specific surface area and functional groups of microplastics were the main factors affecting the adsorption performance of MB on microplastics. The sorption process exhibited a pronounced pH dependency due to the effect of pH on the surface charge of the microplastics. The presence of NaCl and humic acid could compete with MB for adsorption sites on the surface of microplastics. High temperature promoted the adsorption of MB on PVC and PMMA but inhibited that of PS. Moreover, the adsorption capacities of MB on microplastics were significantly reduced in the natural aquatic environment (Xiang River).
-
Key words:
- microplastics /
- adsorption /
- methylene blue
-
表 1 MB在PS、PVC和PMMA微塑料上的吸附动力学参数。
Table 1. The adsorption kinetic parameters of MB on PS, PVC, and PMMA.
微塑料
Microplastics准一级动力学
Pseudo-first-order准二级动力学
Pseudo-second-orderqe,exp/(mg·g−1) qe,cal/(mg·g−1) Kd1/h−1 R2 qe,cal/(mg·g−1) Kd2/(g·(mg·h)−1) R2 PS 1.419 1.204 0.082 0.989 1.597 1.096 0.999 PVC 1.594 1.357 0.087 0.987 1.836 0.822 0.999 PMMA 1.988 1.478 0.100 0.989 2.182 0.295 0.999 表 2 MB在PS、PVC和PMMA微塑料上的等温吸附实验参数。
Table 2. The adsorption isotherm parameters of MB on PS, PVC, and PMMA.
微塑料
MicroplasticsLangmuir 模型
Langmuir modelFreundlich 模型
Freundlich modelqmax/(mg·g−1) KL/(L·mg−1) R2 n KF/(mg·g−1)(L·g−1)1/n R2 PS 2.872 0.245 0.993 0.489 0.613 0.920 PVC 3.721 0.207 0.993 0.526 0.688 0.927 PMMA 4.407 0.288 0.996 0.505 0.979 0.936 -
[1] THOMPSON R C, OLSEN Y, MITCHELL R P, et al. Lost at sea: Where is all the plastic? [J]. Science, 2004, 304(5672): 838. doi: 10.1126/science.1094559 [2] FENDALL L S, SEWELL M A. Contributing to marine pollution by washing your face: Microplastics in facial cleansers [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2009, 58(8): 1225-1228. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.04.025 [3] JEONG C B, KANG H M, LEE Y H, et al. Nanoplastic ingestion enhances toxicity of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the monogonont rotifer Brachionus koreanus via multixenobiotic resistance (MXR) disruption [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018, 52(19): 11411-11418. [4] TAYLOR M L, GWINNETT C, ROBINSON L F, et al. Plastic microfibre ingestion by deep-sea organisms [J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 33997. doi: 10.1038/srep33997 [5] 张凯娜, 李嘉, 李晓强, 等. 微塑料表面土霉素的吸附-解吸机制与动力学过程 [J]. 环境化学, 2017, 36(12): 2531-2540. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017032703 ZHANG K N, LI J, LI X Q, et al. Mechanisms and kinetics of oxytetracycline adsorption-desorption onto microplastics [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017, 36(12): 2531-2540(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2017032703
[6] CARBERY M, O'CONNOR W, PALANISAMI T. Trophic transfer of microplastics and mixed contaminants in the marine food web and implications for human health [J]. Environment International, 2018, 115: 400-409. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.03.007 [7] 张瑞昌, 李泽林, 魏学锋, 等. 模拟环境老化对PE微塑料吸附Zn(Ⅱ)的影响 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(7): 3135-3142. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2020.07.040 ZHANG R C, LI Z L, WEI X F, et al. Effects of simulated environmental aging on the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) onto PE microplastics [J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(7): 3135-3142(in Chinese). doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6923.2020.07.040
[8] TANG Y Q, LIU Y G, CHEN Y, et al. A review: Research progress on microplastic pollutants in aquatic environments [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 766: 142572. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142572 [9] WANG F, WONG C S, CHEN D, et al. Interaction of toxic chemicals with microplastics: A critical review [J]. Water Research, 2018, 139: 208-219. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.04.003 [10] ROCHMAN C M, HOH E, HENTSCHEL B T, et al. Long-term field measurement of sorption of organic contaminants to five types of plastic pellets: Implications for plastic marine debris [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013, 47(3): 1646-1654. [11] LIU Z M, QIN Q D, HU Z X, et al. Adsorption of chlorophenols on polyethylene terephthalate microplastics from aqueous environments: Kinetics, mechanisms and influencing factors [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020, 265: 114926. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114926 [12] ZHANG H B, WANG J Q, ZHOU B Y, et al. Enhanced adsorption of oxytetracycline to weathered microplastic polystyrene: Kinetics, isotherms and influencing factors [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 243: 1550-1557. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.122 [13] ZHANG J H, CHEN H B, HE H, et al. Adsorption behavior and mechanism of 9-Nitroanthracene on typical microplastics in aqueous solutions [J]. Chemosphere, 2020, 245: 125628. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125628 [14] YU F, YANG C F, HUANG G Q, et al. Interfacial interaction between diverse microplastics and tetracycline by adsorption in an aqueous solution [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020, 721: 137729. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137729 [15] SEERA S D K, KUNDU D, GAMI P, et al. Synthesis and characterization of xylan-gelatin cross-linked reusable hydrogel for the adsorption of methylene blue [J]. Carbohydrate Polymers, 2021, 256: 117520. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117520 [16] SIMONIN J P. On the comparison of pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order rate laws in the modeling of adsorption kinetics [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2016, 300: 254-263. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2016.04.079 [17] FOO K Y, HAMEED B H. Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2010, 156(1): 2-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2009.09.013 [18] LI H, WANG F H, LI J N, et al. Adsorption of three pesticides on polyethylene microplastics in aqueous solutions: Kinetics, isotherms, thermodynamics, and molecular dynamics simulation [J]. Chemosphere, 2021, 264: 128556. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128556 [19] BAKIR A, ROWLAND S J, THOMPSON R C. Enhanced desorption of persistent organic pollutants from microplastics under simulated physiological conditions [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2014, 185: 16-23. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.10.007 [20] TORRES F G, DIOSES-SALINAS D C, PIZARRO-ORTEGA C I, et al. Sorption of chemical contaminants on degradable and non-degradable microplastics: Recent progress and research trends [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021, 757: 143875. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143875 [21] QIU Y, ZHENG M G, WANG L, et al. Sorption of polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCs) to microplastics [J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2019, 146: 718-728. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.07.034 [22] WU G G, MA J P, LI S, et al. Magnetic copper-based metal organic framework as an effective and recyclable adsorbent for removal of two fluoroquinolone antibiotics from aqueous solutions [J]. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 2018, 528: 360-371. doi: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.105 [23] ABDURAHMAN A, CUI K Y, WU J, et al. Adsorption of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on polystyrene microplastics in aquatic environments: Kinetic, isotherm and site energy distribution analysis [J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2020, 198: 110658. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110658 [24] XU B L, LIU F, BROOKES P C, et al. Microplastics play a minor role in tetracycline sorption in the presence of dissolved organic matter [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018, 240: 87-94. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.113 [25] LEE H, SHIM W J, KWON J H. Sorption capacity of plastic debris for hydrophobic organic chemicals [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 470/471: 1545-1552. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.023 [26] LI H Q, HUANG G H, AN C J, et al. Removal of tannin from aqueous solution by adsorption onto treated coal fly ash: Kinetic, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies [J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2013, 52(45): 15923-15931. [27] 刘鹏, 王焓钰, 吴小伟, 等. 粒径对聚苯乙烯微塑料吸附环丙沙星的影响 [J]. 环境化学, 2020, 39(11): 3153-3160. doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019082802 LIU P, WANG H Y, WU X W, et al. Effects of particle size on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin on polystyrene microplastics [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2020, 39(11): 3153-3160(in Chinese). doi: 10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2019082802
[28] OVCHINNIKOV O V, EVTUKHOVA A V, KONDRATENKO T S, et al. Manifestation of intermolecular interactions in FTIR spectra of methylene blue molecules [J]. Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2016, 86: 181-189. doi: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2016.06.016 [29] RODRIGUES J P, DUARTE A C, SANTOS-ECHEANDÍA J, et al. Significance of interactions between microplastics and POPs in the marine environment: A critical overview [J]. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2019, 111: 252-260. doi: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.11.038 [30] 赵楚云, 李小伟, 张鸿元, 等. 化学预处理对微塑料Pb吸附潜力的影响及机理研究 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2019, 39(10): 3387-3394. ZHAO C Y, LI X W, ZHANG H Y, et al. Effect of chemical pretreatment on adsorption of microplastics to Pb [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019, 39(10): 3387-3394(in Chinese).
[31] YAMATE T, KUMAZAWA K, SUZUKI H, et al. CH/π interactions for macroscopic interfacial adhesion design [J]. ACS Macro Letters, 2016, 5(7): 858-861. doi: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00265 [32] MANI D, ARUNAN E. The X–c···π (X = F, cl, br, CN) carbon bond [J]. The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 2014, 118(43): 10081-10089. doi: 10.1021/jp507849g