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土壤是生态圈最活跃的部分,为人类以及各类土壤生物提供了基本生存条件和场所[1]。其环境质量与食品安全、人体健康和国民经济发展都密切相关,甚至对未来气候的变化有深远影响[2]。作为一种可更新资源,土壤在一定范围内可维持相对稳定,但是由于大量人为和自然因素的影响,改变了土壤的物理、化学和生物性质,打破了其稳定,引起了较严重的土壤退化问题[3]。
土壤退化是指在各种人类不合理的干扰和自然因素的共同影响下,导致土壤生产力、环境调控潜力和可持续发展能力降低甚至完全丧失,从而朝着对人类生产生活有害的方向演替的过程[4],是困扰世界各地的主要生态环境问题之一[1]。主要表现形式有土壤侵蚀、荒漠化、盐渍化、污染和肥力下降等[4]。全球范围内,约有30%的土地已经出现不同程度的退化[1]。我国约20%的耕地因受到不同程度的破坏而退化[5]。尤其在半干旱地区,生态环境相对脆弱,一旦发生退化,在很大程度上是不可逆的[6]。开展土壤退化现状定量分析、跟踪监测与评价,综合识别土壤退化机理及驱动因素,一直是土壤退化领域研究的重点和难点之一,也是指导生态环境修复与重建的前提。
同位素是指具有相同质子数、不同中子数的同一元素所组成的一组核素,可根据是否容易发生衰变分为放射性同位素和稳定同位素。放射性同位素能以衰变的形式形成另一种物质,具有放射性;稳定同位素随着时间推移不发生或极不易发生放射性衰变,多是元素自然形成的,可在自然状态下进行研究[7]。同位素技术是一种基于同位素可以实现示踪、整合和指示等功能的技术,因其具有检测快速、结果准确、没有干扰等特点,已被大量应用到土壤退化研究领域,如土壤侵蚀[8]、营养元素流失路径分析[9]、污染物源解析[10]等。同位素技术在土壤退化中的应用主要分为单一同位素、同位素比率、同位素比值和同位素分馏。如Marquard等 [11]利用10Be在土壤中分布的深度得出克里斯蒂娜河盆地的侵蚀速率。Zhang等[12]通过对比6个不同深度的土样与参考地点土样的Pu同位素比率,计算出大多数地区土壤侵蚀的速率为538—941 t·km−2·a−1,侵蚀深度为2.4—2.6 cm。Huang等[13]利用汞的同位素分馏研究得出喜马拉雅上空汞发生跨界沉积,来自南亚尤其是印度的汞经过季风等因素迁移至喜马拉雅上空,造成青藏高原冻土的汞污染。
本文主要从同位素技术的原理出发,评述了该技术在土壤侵蚀、污染、肥力退化、盐碱化这四方面的研究进展,并对同位素技术在土壤退化方面的应用进行了展望。
同位素技术在土壤退化研究中的应用进展
Review of isotope technology application in soil degradation
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摘要: 土壤退化严重威胁着生态系统稳定和粮食安全,已经成为全球性问题。同位素技术具有示踪、指示和整合等多项功能,近些年在土壤退化研究方面得到了广泛应用。本文回顾了国内外关于同位素技术在土壤退化中的土壤侵蚀、污染、肥力、盐碱化等4方面应用的研究成果,并对同位素技术在土壤退化领域的应用做了展望。Abstract: Soil degradation seriously threatens the ecosystem stability and food security and has become a global issue. Isotope technology has been frequently used to investigate soil degradation in recent decades due to its multi-functions of tracing, indication and integration. The present study reviewed the application of isotope technology in assessing four aspects of soil degradation, including soil erosion, pollution, fertility and salinization. Recent progresses were summarized. In addition, further development of isotope technology application in soil degradation was also prospected.
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Key words:
- isotopic fractionation /
- isotope tracing technology /
- soil degradation
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同位素种类
Isotope type半衰期
Half-life来源
Resources测定
Analysis特征
Features137Cs 30.17a 人类的核试验和核泄漏 取661.7 keV能量值的γ能谱 因为采用表层土壤含量比较法,无法应用于严重侵蚀的地带,其向下迁移通常在20 cm以内 210Pb 22.3a 天然放射性核素,由226Ra衰变而成 取46.5 keV能量值的γ能谱 更多来源于干沉降,活性随海拔升高而降低,其向下迁移在10 cm以内 7Be 53.4d 宇宙射线和大气层作用产生 取477.6 keV能量值的γ能谱 用于短期或次降雨侵蚀研究,其向下迁移2—3 cm 239+240Pu 239Pu=4110a
240Pu=6561a核试验 通常使用ICP-MS或AMS 更具成本效益,测定更加容易,是137Cs良好的替代品 表 2 同位素技术在重金属污染中的应用
Table 2. Application of isotope technology in heavy metal pollution
污染物
Contaminant位置
Location同位素测定方法
Analytical facility同位素分析精度
Isotope analysis accuracy使用模型
Model结论
Results参考
ReferencePb 中国攀枝花八关河 MC-ICP-MS 207Pb/206Pb 分析精度优于0.03% (2σ) 混合模型 上坡土壤85.2%来自含铅煤 [34] Pb 美国纳克东河流域 TIMS 207Pb/206Pb分析精度0.01%;208Pb/206Pb 分析精度0.03% (2σ) 混合模型 79%来自岩石风化 [39] Cd 法国努瓦耶勒戈多 MC-ICP-MS 114Cd/110Cd分析精度0.12‰(2σ) 混合模型 表层土壤主要来自烟囱粉尘 [40] Cd 中国云南兰坪金顶 MC-ICP-MS 114/110Cd分析精度0.08‰(2σ) 混合模型 主要来自采矿和精炼矿石产生的粉尘 [41] Zn 法国阿威龙 MC-ICP-MS 66Zn/64Zn分析精度0.06‰(2σ) 混合模型 主要来自尾矿,尾矿渗滤水和粉煤灰 [42] Hg 中国珠江 MC-ICP-MS Δ199Hg分析精度0.04‰(2σ) 混合模型 工业、城市来源以及天然土壤中的汞在河流中的释放可能是中珠江口汞的主要输入 [43] -
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